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DNA & proteins Glossary & taxonomy
<%end if%> The "race" to sequence the Human Genome was not a 100 yard dash, but a marathon. Although the Human Genome Project finished well ahead of schedule, and a number of genes have been identified, we have just begun to get a glimpse of what specific genes do and how we might be able to better use this knowledge for therapeutic interventions. Teasing apart the interactions of genes and proteins, delineating changes throughout the cell cycle, and correlating changes with health and disease will take even more time. But with complete sequences, and the cross- species comparisons we can expect new insights and speeding up over time. Sequencing DNA is only a first step towards finding what functions are connected with specific sequences. Sequencing proteins (and determining the structures – and functions of proteins) is ongoing. Chemistry
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informatics terms in Genomic informatics $1,00 genome : Molecular Diagnostics BioIT World Weekly next gen data: http://www.bio-itworldweekly.com/category/14/next-gen-data/
clinical
sequencing:
Currently, the rate of technological
advancements for next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms is projected to drop
sequencing costs below the $1,000 level. Thus, as more individuals have the
ability to sequence their genome, the question becomes what is done with the
information? While the scientific community has largely accepted the utility of
sequencing for research purposes, the use of the technology in a clinical
setting has yet to be fully addressed or accepted by the medical community. Clinical
Sequencing March 14-16, 2011 • San Diego, CA Program | Register
| Download Brochure coverage [sequencing]: Coverage is the average number of reads representing a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence ... Sometimes a distinction is made between sequence coverage and physical coverage. Sequence coverage is the average number of times a base is read (as described above). Physical coverage is the average number of times a base is read or spanned by mate paired reads[8]. Wikipedia shotgun sequencing accessed Jan 10, 2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun_sequencing#Coverage de novo sequencing: Determination of sequences (of genes or amino acids) whose sequence is not yet known. Can be done with LC/MS/MS or nanoelectrospray MS/MS. From the Latin "de novo" from the beginning. See also Mass spectrometry deep
sequencing: Techniques
of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity,
sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of
operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each
nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or
ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc. MeSH 2011
genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism as revealed by genetic or molecular analysis, i.e. the complete set of genes, both dominant and recessive, possessed by a particular cell or organism. IUPAC Biotech The observed alleles at a genetic locus for an individual. NHLBI The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. MeSH 1968 genotyping: The determination of relevant nucleotide- base sequences in each of the two parental chromosomes. May refer to identifying one or more, up to the entire gene sequence of an organism. Compare phenotype. Used for diagnosis, drug efficacy, and toxicity. Utilizes genomic DNA that, after digestion, reacts with a SNP array to obtain an individual SNP pattern. These variations can for instance provide information about the diagnosis of a certain disease, or the effectiveness or side effect of a certain drug. The genetic scientific community is exploding with new robust tools which explore the connections between genotypes and phenotypes. The falling prices from developing to mature genotyping platforms, result in abundant data to interrogate and analyze. In addition, as more detailed clinical classification of patients is performed, stronger genetic associations of complex diseases are discovered. Genotyping Tools June 2009, San Francisco CA order CD Genotyping implies (though I haven't found this in print) determining known
variants, as opposed to discovery of new ones. Related terms SNPS & other
genetic
variations; Broader term sequencing;
Narrower terms: haplotyping, genome wide association studies GWAS Genome Wide Association Sequencing: Genomic informatics haplogroups: Groups of similar haplotypes. Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup haplotype: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX. MeSH, 1987 A haplotype is the set of SNP alleles along a region of a chromosome. Theoretically there could be many haplotypes in a chromosome region, but recent studies are typically finding only a few common haplotypes. Developing a Haplotype map of the human genome, 2001 http://www.genome.gov/10001665 A particular pattern of sequential SNPs found on a single chromosome. These SNPs tend to be inherited together over time and can serve as disease-gene markers. The examination of single chromosome sets (haploid sets), as opposed to the usual chromosome pairings (diploid sets), is important because mutations in one copy of a chromosome pair can be masked by normal sequences present on the other copy. From “haploid genotype.” The
key idea is that alleles often travel together. Related terms: haplotyping, haplotyping technologies
Cell biology diploid, haploid, ploidy; Maps
& mapping:
haplotype map HapMap; Narrower term: SNPs
& genetic
variations haploinsufficiency, haplotype block, SNP haplotype
haplotyping: Haplotyping involves grouping subjects by haplotypes, or particular patterns of sequential SNPs, found on a single chromosome. These SNPs tend to be inherited together over time and can serve as disease-gene markers. Haplotyping—A Key Approach to Studying Genetic Variation CHI's GenomeLInk 14.2 Somatic cells, as opposed to germ cells, have two copies of each chromosome. A given single- base position may be homozygous for the wild- type base (each chromosome has the normal allele), homozygous for a SNP base (each chromosome has the altered allele), or heterozygous for two different bases (one chromosome has the normal allele and the other has the abnormal allele). Haplotyping involves grouping subjects by haplotypes, or particular patterns of sequential SNPs, found on a single chromosome. These SNPs tend to be inherited together over time and can serve as disease- gene markers. The examination of single chromosome sets (haploid sets), as opposed to the usual chromosome pairings (diploid sets), is important because mutations in one copy of a chromosome pair can be masked by normal sequences present on the other copy. Genes tend to travel in packs. This is good news for pharmacogenomics. Broader terms genotyping, sequencing haplotyping technologies: Include microarrays, mass spectrometry, sequencing horizontal sequencing: The obvious alternative [to vertical sequencing] is to perform all four reactions in one vial and determine the sequence by comparing determined oligonucleotide mass differences with expected data (horizontal sequencing). Eckhard Nordhoff,a Christine Luebbert, Gabriela Thiele, Volker Heiser, and Hans Lehrach, Rapid determination of short DNA sequences, Nucleic Acids Res > v.28(20); Oct 15, 2000 http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110802 Related term: vertical sequencing Maxam-Gilbert sequencing & Sanger sequencing: The two basic sequencing approaches, Maxam- Gilbert and Sanger, differ primarily in the way the nested DNA fragments are produced. Both methods work because gel electrophoresis produces very high resolution separations of DNA molecules; even fragments that differ in size by only a single nucleotide can be resolved. Almost all steps in these sequencing methods are now automated. Maxam- Gilbert sequencing (also called the chemical degradation method) uses chemicals to cleave DNA at specific bases, resulting in fragments of different lengths. A refinement to the Maxam- Gilbert method known as multiplex sequencing enables investigators to analyze about 40 clones on a single DNA sequencing gel. Sanger sequencing (also called the chain termination or dideoxy method) involves using an enzymatic procedure to synthesize DNA chains of varying length in four different reactions, stopping the DNA replication at positions occupied by one of the four bases, and then determining the resulting fragment lengths. Primer on Molecular Genetics, Oak Ridge National Lab, US http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/primer/intro.html microsequencing: Sequencing of proteins or peptides in very small amounts (sub microgram), sometimes for use as probes. minisequencing: A solid- phase method for the detection of any known point mutation or allelic variation of DNA. In the method amplified, biotinylated DNA sequences containing the mutation site are immobilized onto streptavidin coated microplate and primer extension reactions are carried out using labeled nucleotides. Incorporation of the labeled nucleotide is dependent on the genotype and is analyzed using ELISA technique. Assay method allows automation. Photometry applications, Labsystems Oy, Finland, no longer on website Single base sequencing. multilocus sequence typing: Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level. MeSH 2011 next generation
sequencing: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has expanded our
fundamental understanding of genomics, mutation, gene function and regulation,
by delivering fast, precise, and large volumes of data. As the cost of
sequencing declines, use in academic, biotech, medical, pharmaceutical, and
ag-bio labs expands, paving the way for the creation of innovative new areas for
bioresearch. Still, the question remains of how best to balance cost, quantity
and quality when choosing a sequencing platform or service. NGx:
Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis August 13-15, 2012 • Providence, RI Program | Register | Download Brochure This report focuses on current
and innovative NGS technologies, services and markets.
Next Generation Sequencing Generates Momentum July 2011 Table of
Contents
Next-generation sequencing now makes it possible to
determine the sequence of a genome at accessible prices and in a short period of
time DNA-Seq
Sequencing
a genome is only the beginning. Several layers of analysis are necessary to
convert raw sequence data into understanding of functional biology. First, error
sources in the original raw data from multiple platforms and diverse
applications must be accounted for. Then, as computational methods for assembly,
alignment, and variation detection continue to advance, a broad range of genetic
analysis applications including comparative genomics, high-throughput
polymorphism detection, analysis of coding and non-coding RNAs, and identifying
mutant genes in disease pathways can be addressed. NGx: Applying
Next-Generation Sequencing August 13-15, 2012 • Providence, RI Program | Register | Download Brochure pathogen sequencing: In the future, more pathogens will have their genomes completely sequenced to determine not only how the pathogen causes disease, but what, if any, treatments will be most effective. The DNA sequences of viruses like HIV, human papilloma virus (HPV), and hepatitis C (HCV) are already being characterized and therapies prescribed based on this genetic information. To perform these types of diagnoses, DNA sequencing will have to become faster, more cost effective, simpler to perform, and more accessible to clinical laboratories. plant
sequencing:
As DNA sequencing costs plummet and
throughput rapidly increases, the question is no longer whether we can sequence
large and complex plant genomes, but how soon can we sequence them? Plants as
model organisms for biological investigations such as domestication, genome
evolution, developmental physiology, epigenetics, pest resistance, heterosis,
quantitative inheritance, and comparative genomics, allow the relationship and
understanding of genotype to phenotype correlations. Plant
Sequencing March 16-18, 2011 • San Diego, CA Program | Register | Download Brochure published working drafts - human genome: International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium special issue: Nature 409 (6822) 15 Feb 2001 http://www.nature.com/genomics/human/papers/analysis.html Human Genome [Celera Genomics sequence] special issue: Science 291 (5507) Feb. 16, 2001 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/vol291/issue5507/index.shtml resequencing: Eric Lander, director of the Whitehead Institute's Center for Genome Research, and professor of biology at MIT notes " The human genome will need to be sequenced only once, but it will be resequenced thousands of times, in order, for example to unravel the polygenic factors underlying human susceptibilities and predispositions … Re-sequencing will also provide the ultimate tool for genotyping studies" E. Lander "The New Genomics" Science 274: 536, 25 Oct. 1996 Previously sequenced site is resequenced for SNP discovery or other purposes. DNA resequencing involves sequencing a DNA region where a reference sequence for the region is already available. These studies provide important insight into the function of genes and the evolution of genes and populations. Applications abound including: comparative genomics, high-throughput SNP detection, identifying mutant genes in disease pathways, profiling transcriptomes for organisms where little information is available, researching lowly expressed genes, to identifying newly emerging or genetically engineered bacterial and viral strains. RNA
sequencing: RNA-Seq
March 7-8, 2012 • San
Diego, CA Program | Register | Download Brochure
SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism: SNPs & Genetic Variations SNP scoring: Involves methods to determine the genotypes of many
individuals for particular SNPs that have already been discovered. ... tools
are just beginning to emerge and many more robust technologies are needed. NIH, Methods for Discovering and Scoring
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Request for Applications Jan. 9, 1998 http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HG-98-001.html Sanger sequencing: See under Maxam-Gilbert sequencing. scanning, scoring: SNPs & other genetic variations sequence inversion: The deletion and reinsertion of a segment of a nucleic acid sequence in the same place, but flipped in an opposite orientation. MeSH 2010 sequencing: Proteins, nucleic acids -- Analytical procedures for the determination of the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain or of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. IUPAC Compendium Largely automated now. Full DNA sequencing is the "gold standard"
for genotyping. Narrower terms; next generation sequencing, shotgun sequence, de novo sequencing, microsequencing, minisequencing, multiplex sequencing, Sanger sequencing, sequencing by synthesis. Related terms: genotyping, GWAS Genome Wide Association Sequencing, haplotyping, sequencing data analysis & storage, sequencing data management sequencing by synthesis: Promising new sequencing technologies, based on sequencing by synthesis (SBS), are starting to deliver large amounts of DNA sequence at very low cost. Polymorphism detection is a key application. Quality scores and SNP detection in sequencing-by-synthesis systems., Brockman W, Alvarez P, Young S, Garber M, Giannoukos G, Lee WL, Russ C, Lander ES, Nusbaum C, Jaffe DB, Genome Research 2008 Jan 22 [Epub ahead of print ] sequencing - cost of: The cost of sequencing a single DNA base [when the Human Genome Project was initiated] was about $10 then; today, sequencing costs have fallen about 100-fold to $.10 to $.20 a base and still are dropping rapidly. Human Genome News 11 (1-2) Nov. 2000 http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/publicat/hgn/v11n1/01giants.html Related term: Molecular Diagnostics $1,000 genome Sequencing
Data Storage and Management March 7-8, 2012 • San Diego, CA Program | Register | Download
Brochure sequencing - high- throughput: Uses robotics, automated DNA- sequencing machines and computers. sequencing
informatics: sequencing
platforms and managing the instruments, workflows and data analysis tools. Track
5 Next generation sequencing informatics Bio-IT
World Conference & Expo April 12-14, 2011 • Boston, MA Program | Register
| Download Brochure shotgun sequencing: Sequencing method which involves randomly sequencing tiny cloned pieces of the genome, with no foreknowledge of where on a chromosome the piece originally came from. This can be contrasted with "directed" [sequencing] strategies, in which pieces of DNA from adjacent stretches of a chromosome are sequenced. Directed strategies eliminate the need for complex reassembly techniques. Because there are advantages to both strategies, researchers expect to use both random (or shotgun) and directed strategies in combination to sequence the human genome. DOE Glossary Shotgun sequencing comes of age, Tabitha Powledge, Scientist Dec. 31, 2002 http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/news/0212/133.htm Hybrid of whole genome shotgun and clone- by- clone approach is probably best.
vertical sequencing: Among the many proposed concepts for sequencing DNA using mass spectrometry, the most successful has been to combine Sanger cycle sequencing with MALDI-TOF-MS (1, 2, 4–12). Four nucleobase- specific oligonucleotide ladders are generated in separate reaction vials, which are then separated and detected inside the mass spectrometer. The sequence is determined by comparing the recorded spectra (vertical sequencing). Eckhard Nordhoff, Christine Luebbert, Gabriela Thiele, Volker Heiser, and Hans Lehrach, Rapid determination of short DNA sequences, Nucleic Acids Res > v.28(20); Oct 15, 2000 http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=110802 Related term: horizontal sequencing viral genotyping: Genomic data is enabling researchers to predict a patient's response to therapy based on the viral genotype for viral infections. HIV genotyping is an early example of how treatment decisions are made based on the genotype of the virus. whole genome shotgun sequencing:
Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) sequencing projects are
incomplete genomes or incomplete chromosomes that are being sequenced by a whole
genome shotgun strategy. WGS projects may be annotated, but annotation is not
required. The pieces of a WGS project are the contigs (overlapping reads), and
they do not include any gaps. NCBI Whole Genome Shotgun Submissions http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/wgs.html
Broader term shotgun sequencing method.
Related
term: GWAS Genome Wide Association Sequencing Bibliography Technologies Conferences http://www.chicorporate.com/Conferences/Search.aspx?k=&r=&s=TCH How to look for other unfamiliar terms IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. |
