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Cell
& tissue technologies glossary & taxonomy Related glossaries include Informatics Bioinformatics Genomic Informatics Metabolic profiling Technologies Biomaterials & Bioengineering Bioprocessing & manufacturingg Labels Signaling & Detection Microscopy Miniaturization & Nanoscience Molecular Imaging Biology Cell biology Stem cells 3D Cellular Models See cellular models 3D
artificial cells:
Artificial cells designed for specific applications
combine properties of biological systems such as nanoscale efficiency, self-
organization and adaptability at relatively low cost. Individual components
needed for such structures have already been developed, and now the main
challenge is to integrate them in functional microscopic compartments. Andrew
Pohorille, "Artificial cells, prospects for biotechnology" Trends in
Biotechnology, 20 (3): 123- 128, Mar. 2002
artificial chromosomes:
DNA constructs that are composed of, at least,
elements such as a REPLICATION ORIGIN; TELOMERE; and CENTROMERE, that are
required for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance in progeny
cells. In addition, they are constructed to carry other sequences for analysis
or gene transfer. MeSH, 2001 Narrower terms: Bacterial artificial chromosome BACS, Yeast Artificial
Chromosomes YACS
Bacterial artificial
chromosome BAC:
A vector used to
clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia
coli cells. Based on naturally occurring F-factor plasmid found in the
bacterium E. coli. Compare cloning vector. DOE
DNA constructs that are
composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication,
propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition,
they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a
variety of bioengineering purposes. MeSH, 2002 Related term: BAC maps. Maps, genetic & genomic
biobanking:
Leaders in BioBanking Congress 2018 Oct 14-16 Cleveland
Ohio
addresses innovations in biospecimen science and infrastructure to support
expanding applications. Maintaining the integrity of biospecimens allows
biomedical and biopharmaceutical researchers, regulators, biorepository
managers, and practitioners to investigate the best strategies for effective use
of biospecimens within today’s cutting-edge biomedical research.
biological specimen banks: Facilities that collect, store, and distribute tissues, e.g.,
cell lines, microorganisms, blood, sperm, milk, breast tissue, for use by
others. Other uses may include transplantation and comparison of diseased
tissues in the identification of cancer. MeSH 1993
biopreservation:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopreservation
Biorepositories
(or biobanks) are "libraries" where biospecimens are stored and made
available for scientists to study for clinical or research purposes. These
biospecimens are commonly annotated with information about the patient from whom
the biospecimen was taken, including data about their medical conditions and
background. There are thousands of biorepositories in the United States, which
vary widely by size, the type of biospecimens collected, and purpose. Office of Biorepositories
and Biospecimen Research, National Cancer Institute What are biospecimens and
biorepositories? http://biospecimens.cancer.gov/patientcorner/
biospecimen:
A quantity of tissue, blood, urine, or other
biologically derived material. The NHLBI Biologic Specimen Repository stores
human biospecimens. Portions or aliquots of a biospecimen are referred to as
samples (NCI Best Practices working definition). BioLINC Glossary, NHLBI https://biolincc.nhlbi.nih.gov/glossary/ Materials taken from the human body, such as tissue, blood, plasma, and urine that can be used for cancer diagnosis and analysis. When patients have a biopsy, surgery, or other procedure, often a small amount of the specimen removed can be stored and used for later research. Once these samples have been properly processed and stored they are known as human biospecimens. Doctors and researchers may analyze biospecimens to look for indications of disease in the donor. Biospecimens can confirm whether a disease is present or absent in a particular patient, but they also provide other information that may be useful to the physician or a researcher. Each sample may contain DNA, proteins, and other molecules important for understanding disease progression. Office of Biorepositories and Biospecimen Research, National Cancer Institute What are biospecimens and biorepositories? http://biospecimens.cancer.gov/patientcorner/ Biospecimens HHS FAQs Terms and Recommendations on informed consent. The collection and use of human specimens have become essential to biomedical research. These biospecimens include blood and other tissues, some collected originally for clinical lab tests, some removed during surgeries, and some obtained specifically for research. While there is no accurate catalog of the number or locations of specimens, there are reasonable estimates that billions of specimens are now stored in laboratories, repositories and “tissue banks” across the country. Coupled with associated clinical data and the power of bioinformatics, these specimens represent an invaluable resource for current and future research on human health and disease. At the same time, there are significant ethical, legal and social policy implications relating to the collection, storage and use of biospecimens. Includes glossary https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sachrp-committee/recommendations/2011-january-24-letter-attachment-a/index.html Related terms: biobanks, biorepositories
cell assays: Assays & screening
Related term: high content screening cell chips: The in vitro analysis of cell genomic activity has been revolutionized by a variety of chip technologies. Further important advances can be expected as high resolution analytical approaches are utilized to interrogate chips. [National Center for Research Resources "Integrated Genomics Technologies Workshop Report" Jan 1999]
cell fusion:
Fusion of somatic cells in
vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization. MeSH Broader
term: fusion. Narrower term electroporation cell microarrays: Cell assays performed on a microarray. Related terms: tissue array, tissue biochips; Narrower term: Microarray categories frozen cell arrays
cell sorting:
Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_sorting
cellular
engineering:
A new field that addresses
issues related to understanding and manipulating cell structure-function
relationships. This course is intended to be a bridge between cell biologists
and engineers, to understand quantitatively cell biological aspects. Cellular
engineering is intrinsically connected to the new field of tissue engineering.
Rice University BIOE 321Cellular Engineering course,
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioewhit/courses/bioe321/home.html
cellular imaging: NIGMS supports research that will lead to a better understanding of cell structure, function and regulation at the most basic level. Such visualization at the cellular and subcellular level will lead to fundamental breakthroughs in understanding cell structure and function and how they are dynamically regulated. National Institute of General Medical Sciences, NIH https://www.nigms.nih.gov/Research/specificareas/cellimaging/Pages/default.aspx
cellular
models 3D:
3D Cellular Models June
20-21, 2018
• Boston, MA Program |
Inadequate representation of the human tissue environment during a preclinical
screen can result in inaccurate predictions of compound effects. Thus,
pharmaceutical investigators are searching for preclinical models that closely
resemble original tissue for predicting clinical outcome. Three-dimensional cell
culture recapitulates normal and pathological tissue architectures that provide
physiologically relevant models to study normal development, disease, and drug
response. However, challenges remain for screening as researchers must procure
large numbers of identical 3D cell cultures, develop assays and obtain fast,
automated readouts from these more complex assays.
Chinese Hamster Ovary CHO cells:
Cell line derived from the ovary of the Chinese
hamster, Cricetulus griseus. The species is a favorite for cytogenetic studies
because of its small chromosome number. The cell line has provided model systems
for the study of genetic alterations in cultured mammalian cells. MeSH,
1992 chromosome microdissection: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_microdissection chromosome painting: A technique for visualizing CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS using fluorescently labeled DNA probes which are hybridized to chromosomal DNA. Multiple fluorochromes may be attached to the probes. Upon hybridization, this produces a multicolored, or painted, effect with a unique color at each site of hybridization. This technique may also be used to identify cross-species homology by labeling probes from one species for hybridization with chromosomes from another species. MeSH, 1999 Broader term: FISH
cryoelectron microscopy: Electron microscopy involving rapid freezing of the samples. The imaging of frozen-hydrated molecules and organelles permits the best possible resolution closest to the living state, free of chemical fixatives or stains. MeSH, accessed Sept. 2004 Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays. MeSH 1999 [accessed prior to 2004]
cryoelectron
tomography:
A technology
for taking three- dimensional pictures of a cell overcame key technical
obstacles in 2002, providing insights into how the cell's machinery carries out
some of the basic processes of life. "Cryoelectron tomography" works
essentially like a doctor's CT scan; a computer constructs a 3-D image of a
flash- frozen cell from a series of image "slices" created by
penetrating electron beams. "Science's Top 10" AAAS, 19 Dec.
2002 http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-12/aaft-tt121202.php
Related term: electron tomography
dielectrophoresis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrophoresis
Can be used to separate cells. Many medical applications. Related term:
electrorotation electron tomography: Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_tomography
electrorotation:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrorotation Related
term: dielectrophoresis
enucleated:
Cell from which the nucleus has been removed, used for nuclear
transfer to produce a cloned animal from differentiated cells. Related
terms: cloning, nuclear transfer, quiescence
expression microdissection: A new tissue microdissection method ... that permits array target to be efficiently prepared from cells that express a particular protein. The technique is performed using a specially designed polymer tethered to an antibody for cell targeting and to an enzyme (reverse transcriptase) for subsequent labeling of cDNA in the marked cells (or, alternatively, to a dye- generating enzyme for activation of LCM Laser Capture Microdissection] film for subsequent recovery of the targeted cells). RF Chauaqui et. al. Nature Genetics 32 Suppl:509- 514, Dec. 2002 Related terms: layered expression scanning; Laser Capture Microdissection LCM
FACS
Fluorescence
Activated Cell Sorting: also known as flow cytometry. FACS is a powerful
technique for analyzing and characterizing cells that are marked with a
fluorescent label (s) and is used widely in both basic research and clinical
diagnostic applications. As the individual suspension cell passes through the
sensing region of the FACS machine, fluorescent signals are acquired, analyzed,
and stored in a computer. The size of cells as well as the expression of
interested molecules (such as proteins) within a single cell can be determined.
Specific cells can be further separated, sorted, and collected for further
analysis. NFCR Center for Therapeutic Antibody Engineering Glossary http://research4.dfci.harvard.edu/nfcr-ctae/research/tech_glossary.php
Related terms: cell sorting, flow cytometry, flow sorting
flow cytometry:
Technique
for characterizing or separating particles such as beads
or cells,
usually on the basis of their relative fluorescence. IUPAC Combinatorial
Chemistry
Technique using an
instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more
measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are
usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of
interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly
transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence
provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical
properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable
optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter
being applicable to the measurement of cell
size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake. MeSH, 1982
Related
terms: cell sorting, FACS, flow sorting; Labels, signaling & detection: fluorescence, dyes
Narrower term: metabolic cytometry
genotype
tissue expression:
The
Common Fund's Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) program aims to study
human gene expression and regulation in multiple tissues, providing valuable
insights into the mechanisms of gene regulation and, in the future, its
disease-related perturbations. Genetic variation between individuals will be
examined for correlation with differences in gene expression level to identify
regions of the genome that influence whether and how much a gene is expressed.
The GTEx project includes the following initiatives: Novel Statistical Methods
for Human Gene Expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) Analysis Laboratory,
Data Analysis, and Coordinating Center (LDACC) caHUB Acquisition of Normal
Tissues in Support
of the GTEx Project. NIH Common Fund
http://commonfund.nih.gov/GTEx/
heterologous transplantation: Transplantation between animals of different species. MeSH 1965 Related term: xenotransplantation host: A cell whose metabolism is used for growth and reproduction of a virus, plasmid, or other form of foreign DNA. IUPAC Biotech host-vector system: A compatible combination of host (e.g. bacteria) and vector (e.g. plasmid) that allows propagation of DNA. IUPAC Biotech
human tissue engineered product:
currently defined as a product that: contains or consists of engineered
cells or tissues; and is presented
as having properties for, or is used in or administered to human beings
with a view to regenerating, repairing or replacing a human tissue. A
human tissue engineered product may contain cells or tissues of human or
animal origin, or both. It may also contain additional substances, such as
cellular products, biomolecules, biomaterials, chemical substances, and
scaffolds or matrices that help to provide a physical support to the
cells/tissues. In addition to having therapeutic applications, human
tissue engineered products can have diagnostic applications where the
tissue is made in vitro and is used as a platform for testing drugs and
other products. European
Medical Technology Industry Association, Regenerative Medicine and Human
Tissue Engineering, 2007 https://www.certh.gr/dat/66AB249E/file.pdf hybridoma: A hybrid cell line resulting from the fusion of a specific antibody- producing spleen cell (lymphocyte) with a myeloma cell, which has the growth characteristics of the myeloma component and the antibody- secreting characteristics of the lymphocyte, and will multiply to become a source of pure monoclonal antibody. IUPAC Biotech Cells artificially created by fusion of activated lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. The resulting hybrid cells are cloned and produce pure or "monoclonal" antibodies or T-cell products, identical to those produced by the immunologically competent parent, and continually grow and divide as the neoplastic parent. MeSH, 1982
image
analysis/image processing: Assays & screening
[in context of high -content screening]
image
cytometry: A technique encompassing morphometry,
densitometry, neural networks, and expert systems that has
numerous clinical and research applications and is particularly useful in
anatomic pathology for the study of malignant lesions. The most common current
application of image cytometry is for DNA analysis, followed by quantitation of
immunohistochemical staining. MeSH, 1996
an
image-based study or measurement of cells. How image cytometry differs from
normal microscopic studies of cells is that very large populations of cells
(typically on the order of 104 to 108 cells) are imaged. To make this
technically feasible on the two-photon microscope, high-speed imaging techniques
are required. ... one of the main strengths of TPM is its ability to image thick
tissues specimens ... An important avenue that we are also pursing is the
visualization and image analysis tools necessary to study these types of
datasets. A typical dataset can generate tens of gigabytes of data, far too much
for a human operator to manually classify. It becomes necessary to use automated
segmentation procedures to classify the cell population into various
sub-populations of biological interest. So Lab, MIT http://web.mit.edu/solab/Research/ImageCytometry.html immunohistochemistry: Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents. MeSH, 1988 Immunohistochemistry involves using antibodies (typically visualized
via an enzyme- linked antibody assay) that specifically bind to proteins of
interest. This method allows one not only to assess levels of a protein but also
to localize the protein within cells in the tissue sample. Related terms:
Biomarkers biomarkers Cell biology
gene
localization, subcellular localization; Gene
definitions localization; Proteins
protein localization
Laser Capture
Microdissection LCM:
Can be used to help isolate low- abundance proteins. laser tweezers: Laser tweezers and related approaches are important for manipulation and isolation of subcellular organelles and structural components. National Center for Research Resources "Integrated Genomics Technologies Workshop Report" Jan 1999 Related terms: optical trapping, optical tweezers; Broader term: micromanipulation
Library
of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures LINCS:
The basic components
of biological systems – genes, proteins, metabolites and other molecules –
work together in a highly orchestrated manner within cells to promote normal
development and sustain health. Understanding how these interconnected
components of biological pathways and networks are maintained in health, and how
they become perturbed by genetic and environmental stressors and cause disease,
is challenging but essential to developing new and better therapies to return
perturbed networks to their normal state. To achieve this goal, the
Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS) program aims to
develop a “library” of molecular signatures, based on gene expression and
other cellular changes that describe the response that different types of cells
elicit when exposed to various perturbing agents, including siRNAs and small
bioactive molecules. High-throughput screening approaches will be used to
interrogate the cells and mathematical approaches will be used to describe the
molecular changes and patterns of response. The data will be collected in a
standardized, integrated, and coordinated manner to promote consistency and
comparison across different cell types. LINCS NIH Common Fund http://commonfund.nih.gov/LINCS/overview.aspx micellar nanocontainers: Block copolymer micelles are water- soluble biocompatible nanocontainers with great potential for delivering hydrophobic drugs. An understanding of their cellular distribution is essential to achieving selective delivery of drugs at the subcellular level. R. Savic, L. Luo, A. Eisenberg, D. Maysinger, Micellar nanocontainers distribute to defined cytoplasmic organelles Science 300 (5619): 615- 618, Apr. 25, 2003 Broader term: nanocontainers
microimaging:
An
emerging area of scientific opportunity is the design and use of probes to study
structure and function at the molecular and subcellular level in living cells.
Approaches and tools such as labels that attach to specific peptide or
nucleotide moieties, Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer, Green Fluorescent
Protein (and mutant color variants), and genetically-engineered voltage or
ion-sensitive fluorophores are making it possible to begin to visualize not only
the distribution of molecular species in cells, but the manner in which they
interact. Research and development of these, and other such technologies, hold
the promise of providing scientists the capabilities to track the ebb and flow
of signal transduction cascades, protein-protein interactions,
protein-nucleotide interactions, movement of subcellular elements within cells,
and other dynamic events. And, it appears that as such tools are elaborated and
further studied, they will permit such observations to be quantitative and made
in real time.
Probes
for Micro- Imaging the Nervous System, SBIR, 2008 http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-09-062.html microspectrophotometry: Analytical technique for studying substances present at enzyme concentrations in single cells, in situ, by measuring light absorption. Light from a tungsten strip lamp or xenon arc dispersed by a grating monochromator illuminates the optical system of a microscope. The absorbance of light is measured (in nanometers) by comparing the difference between the image of the sample and a reference image. MeSH 1990
microtissues:
Scientists at the U.S.
Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory can now control
how cells connect with one another in vitro and assemble themselves into
three-dimensional, multicellular microtissues. The researchers demonstrated
their method by constructing a tailor-made artificial cell-signaling system,
analogous to natural cell systems that communicate via growth factors.
A new way to assemble cells into 3D microtissues, Lawrence Berkeley
National Lab, 2009 http://newscenter.lbl.gov/press-releases/2009/03/05/3-d-microtissues/
microdissection: See Laser
Capture Microdissection, tissue microdissection
models biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment. MeSH 1973 Near InfraRed spectroscopy NIR: A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near- infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxgenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition. MeSH, 1997 nuclear transfer: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transfer See also under enucleated
optical mapping: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_mapping
Uses DNA from lysed cells.
optical trapping: Optical trapping of small particles by forces exerted by laser radiation pressure has recently been introduced into the study of biological systems. The single- beam gradient trap (optical tweezers) employs a single strongly focused laser beam. In this case, particle size is much less than and the laser light exerts a force pulling the particle toward the high focus part of the beam. Such manipulation of micron- sized (particle size larger than ) particles is also feasible. Manipulations of cells and intracellular organelles have extended to laser cutting (scissors) and to use of two- photon systems. National Center for Research Resources "Integrated Genomics Technologies Workshop Report" Jan 1999 Related/synonymous? terms: laser tweezers, optical tweezers optical tweezers: Developed at Bell Labs in the 1980s ... The method relies on the fact that light waves exert minute forces as well as transmitting energy. If an object is small enough - in this case about 5 micrometers across -- it can be "trapped" or held still by a focused beam of laser light. When the laser's position changes, the trapped object moves too ... The new technique allows researchers to make measurements not possible with conventional methods and should make it easier to judge the effectiveness of inhibitors and other medicines at a variety of concentrations. "Optical tweezers measure stickiness" NIST Technology at a glance, Winter 1997 http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/taglance/tag97win/tag97win.htm Related terms: laser tweezers; optical traps (How similar are these to optical tweezers?) Broader term: micromanipulation organ-on-a-chip (OOC)
is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell
culture chip that
simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of entire organs and organ
systems, a
type of artificial
organ.[1] It
constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical
engineering research,
more precisely in bio-MEMS.
The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs)
and cell
biology has
permitted the study of human
physiology in
an organ-specific context, introducing a novel model of in
vitro multicellular
human organisms. Wikipedia accessed 2018 Sept 3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ-on-a-chip
Related terms: organotypic, microfluidics, microfabrication, spheroids
organotypic
(biology) Describing tissue,
removed from an organ,
that continues to develop as it would in that organ. Wiktionary
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/organotypic
Related
terms: cellular models 3d, organ on a chip,
organotypic
models: Carcinoma cell invasion is traditionally
studied in three-dimensional organotypic models composed of type I collagen and
fibroblasts. However, carcinoma cell behavior is affected by the various cell
types and the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tumor microenvironment. In this
study, a novel organotypic model based on human uterine leiomyoma tissue was
established and characterized to create a more authentic environment for
carcinoma cells.
A
novel organotypic model mimics the tumor
microenvironment.
Nurmenniemi S,
Sinikumpu
T,
Alahuhta
I,
Salo
S,
Sutinen
M,
Santala
M,
Risteli
J,
Nyberg
P,
Salo
T
Am J Pathol. 2009 Sep;175(3):1281-91. Epub 2009 Aug 13.
patch clamping:
A technique for studying the electrical currents
involved in the movement of ions across cell membranes. With this technique, an
electrode is affixed to the membrane so that a small patch of membrane is
electrically isolated, allowing currents through it can be determined. Patch
clamping is a high-resolution technique, meaning that movements through one ion
channel can be recorded. Patch clamping can also involve the use of very fine
pipette to measure what is going on in or on an individual cell. photobleaching: Light-induced change in a chromophore, resulting in the loss of its absorption of light of a particular wave length. The photon energy causes a conformational change in the photoreceptor proteins affecting PHOTOTRANSDUCTION. This occurs naturally in the retina ( ADAPTATION, OCULAR) on long exposure to bright light. Photobleaching presents problems when occurring in PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY, and in FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY. On the other hand, this phenomenon is exploited in the technique, FLUORESCENCE RECOVERY AFTER PHOTOBLEACHING, allowing measurement of the movements of proteins and LIPIDS in the CELL MEMBRANE. MeSH 2003 Useful for determining cellular structure. plasmid, plasmids: Extrachromosomal genetic element consisting generally of circular double- stranded DNA, which can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA. Used as vectors for cloning DNA in bacteria or yeast host cells. IUPAC Bioinorganic
Any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant. Plasmids are
self- replicating circular molecules of DNA that are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species.
MeSH, 1978
single cell analysis
Assaying the products of or
monitoring various biochemical processes and reactions in an individual cell.
MeSH Year introduced: 2011
Single cell
analysis:
March 14-15,
2019
San Francisco CA
Program | Accelerating
Innovative Approaches to Single Cell Omics
Advanced techniques examining single cells are revolutionizing basic biology as
well as our understanding of health and disease. This rapid development in
isolation and analysis is showing promise and expanding applications. However,
before biomarker analysis from single cells can be integrated into diagnostic
and therapeutic use, hurdles including validation, interpretation, and method
standardization must be addressed Innovators and early adopters present single
cell omics case studies for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in genomics,
transcriptomics, and proteomics
See related
Molecular Diagnostics single cell in diagnostics,
Ultrasensitivity single molecule Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by in vitro induction directed at a specific site in a DNA molecule. The most common method involves use of a chemically synthesized oligonucleotide mutant which can hybridize with the DNA target molecule. The resulting mismatch - carrying DNA duplex may then be transfected into a bacterial cell line and the mutant strands recovered. MeSH, 1991
somatic
cell hybrids:
culture
lines that contain the entire complement of the mouse genome and a few human
chromosomes. These culture lines are developed by mixing human and mouse cells
in the presence of the Sendai virus. The virus facilitates the fusing of the two
cell types to form a hybrid cell. For a reason that is not entirely known, most,
but not all, human chromosomes are lost from the hybrid cell
http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/genomic/genomic3.htm
sonocytology: Sonocytology, a recently developed technique
within nanotechnology research, uses a scanning probe microscope to record the
vibrational movements of cell walls and amplifies those vibrations so that
humans can hear them. ...In this paper, I will address how raw cellular
vibrations are converted into cellular sounds that scientists can interpret as
conveying meaningful information regarding the dynamism of cellular interiors.
Further, I will examine the conditions that enable scientists to describe cells
as actors capable of ‘speaking’ or ‘screaming,’ and how listening to
cellular sounds may eventually change how scientists think about cells—as
subjects that are dynamic, environmentally situated, and experiential.
SONIC EUKARYOTES: SONOCYTOLOGY,
CYTOPLASMIC MILIEU AND THE TEMPS INTERIEUR
2
03
2009 SOPHIA ROOSTH MutaMorphosis http://mutamorphosis.wordpress.com/2009/03/02/sonic-eukaryotes-sonocytology-cytoplasmic-milieu-and-the-temps-interieur/
synthetic
biology:
The goal of synthetic
biology is to make the construction of
novel biological systems into a practical and useful engineering
discipline. The key is the development of an engineering methodology based
on standardized and well-characterized interchangeable parts. Biological
systems can be a basis for practical programmable materials, providing an
engineering substrate with exquisite control over and response to the
chemical world. The consequences of synthetic biology will be as great as
the development of chemical engineering from alchemy, with enormous and as
perhaps unimaginable implications for materials science and medicine. The
range of potential applications is vast, encompassing but not limited to:
diagnostics, therapeutics, sensors, environmental remediation, energy
production, and a host of other biomolecular and chemical manufacturing
outputs. Synthetic biology can also help us gain valuable insight into
fundamental biological principles and improve our quantitative
understanding of the living world. Synthetic Biology Center@MIT
http://synbio.mit.edu/
This
exciting field is evolving so rapidly that no widely accepted definitions
exist. Common to many explanations is the idea of synthetic biology as the
application of engineering principles to the fundamental components of
biology. … More recent advances however, have enabled scientists
to make new sequences of DNA from scratch. By combining these advances
with the principles of modern engineering, scientists can now use
computers and laboratory chemicals to design organisms that do new
things—like produce biofuels or excrete the precursors of medical drugs.
To many people, this is the essence of synthetic biology.
What is synthetic biology: Defining the concept, Synthetic Biology
Project http://www.synbioproject.org/topics/synbio101/definition/ Synthetic biology: planning for a secure future, American Institute of Biological Sciences http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotechnology/schmidt.html
tissue array analysis: The simultaneous analysis of multiple samples of TISSUES or CELLS from BIOPSY or in vitro culture that have been arranged in an array format on slides or microchips. MeSH 2005
tissue
banking: When remaining or extra tissue that has been removed during a
medical procedure such as an operation, biopsy, or blood test is collected and
stored. This extra tissue, not needed for your diagnosis or treatment, is used
by scientists to study disease and find better ways to diagnose, prevent, and
treat cancer in the future. Dana Farber Cancer Institute http://www.dfhcc.harvard.edu/visitorcenter/tissue-banking/
tissue chips 3-D platforms designed to mimic functions of the human body and support living human tissues and cells. Referred to as "tissue chips" or "organs on chips," these devices are designed as accurate models of the structure and function of human organs, such as the lung, liver and heart. When scientists have tested the chips developed to date with compounds already known to be safe or toxic in humans, the majority have responded as predicted. Through the use of tissue chips, scientists merge technologies from complex biology with modern tissue engineering by combining miniature models of living tissues on a transparent microchip. About the size of a thumb drive, the chip designs mimic the complex biological functions of specific organs. NCATS National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Tissue Chip for Drug Screening https://ncats.nih.gov/tissuechip/chip Related terms; cellular models 3D, organoids, spheroids tissue engineering: Generating tissue in vitro for clinical applications, such as replacing wounded tissues or impaired organs. A cell culture facility is required for cell harvest and expansion. MeSH, 2002 The term "tissue engineering" was coined at an NSF [National Science Foundation] -sponsored meeting in 1987. At a later NSF- sponsored workshop, tissue engineering was defined as "...the application of principles and methods of engineering and life sciences toward fundamental understanding ...and development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain and improve [human] tissue functions." This definition is intended to include procedures where the biological substitutes are cells or combinations of different cells that may be implanted on a scaffold such as natural collagen or as synthetic, biocompatible polymers to form a tissue. "Tissue Engineering" National Science Foundation http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/nsf50/nsfoutreach/htm/n50_z2/pages_z3/45_pg.htm Narrower term: human tissue engineering Related term: Cell biology cell patterning
tissue microarrays:
(also TMAs) consist of paraffin blocks in which up to 1000[1] separate tissue cores are assembled in array fashion to allow multiplex histological
analysis. The major limitations in
molecular clinical
analysis of tissues include the cumbersome nature of procedures,
limited availability of diagnostic reagents and
limited patient sample size. The technique of tissue microarray was developed to
address these issues.
tissue microdissection:
A laboratory method that is used to procure
specific cells or cell populations from a histology slide under direct
microscopic visualization. The recovered cells can be studied with a variety of
DNA, messenger RNA, and protein analysis methods, including new high- throughput
gene expression and proteomics technologies. This approach is permitting
investigators to comprehensively examine the molecular anatomy of cells in
tissue sections for the first time. JW Gillespie, The
role of tissue microdissection in cancer research. Cancer Journal 2001
Jan-Feb;7(1): 32- 39, Jan- Feb 2001 tissue models: Related term: organotypic
transfection:
the
process of deliberately introducing naked or purified nucleic
acids into eukaryotic cells.[1][2] It
may also refer to other methods and cell types, although other terms are
often preferred: "transformation"
is typically used to describe non-viral DNA transfer
in bacteria and
non-animal eukaryotic cells,
including plant cells. In animal cells, transfection is the preferred term
as transformation is also used to refer to progression to a cancerous
state (carcinogenesis)
in these cells. Transduction is
often used to describe virus-mediated gene transfer into eukaryotic cells.[2][3]…
The meaning of the term has evolved.[4] The
original meaning of transfection was "infection by transformation", i.e.,
introduction of genetic material, DNA or RNA, from a prokaryote-infecting
virus or bacteriophage into
cells, resulting in an infection. Because the term transformation had
another sense in animal cell biology (a genetic change allowing long-term
propagation in culture, or acquisition of properties typical of cancer
cells), the term transfection acquired, for animal cells, its present
meaning of a change in cell properties caused by introduction of DNA.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Aug 18
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfection tumoroid: Cancer
white
biotechnology: Growing concerns about the dependence
on imported oil, particularly in the USA, and the awareness that the world's oil
supplies are not limitless are additional factors prompting the chemical and
biotechnology industries to explore nature's richness in search of methods to
replace petroleum-based synthetics. An entire branch of biotechnology, known as
'white biotechnology', is devoted to this. It uses living cells—from yeast,
moulds, bacteria and plants—and enzymes to synthesize products that are easily
degradable, require less energy and create less waste during their production.
This is not a recent development:
White
biotechnology
Giovanni Frazzetto
EMBO Rep.
2003 Sep; 4(9): 835–837.
doi: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor928
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1326365/ xenograft: The transplant of an organ, tissue, or cells to an individual of another species. NCI Cancer Dictionary https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/xenograft xenotransplantation:
(xenos- from
the Greek meaning
"foreign"), is the transplantation of
living cells, tissues or organs from
one species to
another.[1] Such
cells, tissues or organs are called xenografts or xenotransplants.
It is contrasted with allotransplantation (from
other individual of same species), syngeneic transplantation
or isotransplantation (grafts transplanted between two genetically identical
individuals of the same species) and autotransplantation (from
one part of the body to another in the same person). ...It is not uncommon for
patients and physicians to use the term "allograft" imprecisely to refer to
either allograft (human-to-human) or xenograft (animal-to-human), but it is
helpful scientifically (for those searching or reading the scientific
literature)
to maintain the more precise distinction in usage.
Wikipedia accessed 2018 Aug 28
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenotransplantation
WHO World Health Organization,
Xenotransplantation
http://www.who.int/transplantation/organ/en/
Cell technologies resources
IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. |
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