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You are here > Biopharmaceutical Glossary Homepage/Search > Drug discovery & development > Biologics Biologics:
antibodies, protein therapeutics & vaccines
glossary & taxonomy
Drug discovery term index Informatics term index Technologies term index Biology term index Chemistry term index Site Map Related glossaries include Bioprocessing Drug delivery Drug Discovery & development Drug & disease Targets Protein Informatics Protein Technologies Proteomics PEGS
Europe - Protein & Antibody Engineering Summit
October 11-13, 2011 • Hannover
Germany Program | Register
| Download Brochure
adjuvants Drug delivery vaccines antibody: A protein (immunoglobulin) produced by the immune system of an organism in response to exposure to a foreign molecule (antigen) and characterized by its specific binding to a site of that molecule (antigenic determinant or epitope). [IUPAC Compendium] A protein, belonging to the class of immunoglobulins, designed to bind a specific antigen in order to remove it from the body. They are synthesised exclusively by B-lymphocytes, in millions of forms, each with a different amino acid sequence and a specific for a specific antigen (antigenic determinant or epitope). [IUPAC Bioinorganic] Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS), or with an antigen closely related to it.
MeSH Narrower terms:
domain antibodies, fully human antibodies, hybridoma, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies,
recombinant antibodies, therapeutic antibodies,. Need
definitions for primary antibodies, secondary antibodies Related terms: epitope,
immunogen, immunoglobulin; Assays &
screening competitive immunoassay, immunoassay; Microarrays
antibody microarray antibody affinity: A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen- antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes. MeSH, 1979 antibody
constructs:
Novel
Antibody Constructs & Alternative Scaffolds October 11-12, 2011
• Hannover Germany Program
| Register
| Download Brochure Novel
Antibody Constructs and Alternative Scaffolds
October
5-6, 2010 • Hannover Germany Program | Register | Download Brochure Part of
PEGS
Europe October 5-7, 2010
• Hannover Germany Program | Register
| Download Brochure antibody
drug products: Therapeutic
Developments with Novel Antibody Products October 12-13, 2011 •
Hannover Germany Antibody-based products currently revolutionizing
therapeutics will be addressed, including antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific
antibodies, and other novel constructs. These new antibody designs are
overcoming nagging challenges, such as size and penetration, and enhancing
half-life, PK, and specificity. Antibody Drug Products January 13-14,
2011 • Coronado, CA Program
| Register
| Download Brochure Order CD antibody
engineering:
Therapeutic and diagnostic
antibodies continue to make inroads in biomedicine, but the successful
application of these products requires smart discovery and development. This
conference will explore the latest methods to overcome challenges and open new
opportunities for making these valuable proteins viable. Engineering
antibodies PEGS:
the essential protein engineering summit May 9-13, 2011 •
Boston, MA Program | Register
| Download Brochure
NFCR Center for Therapeutic Antibody Engineering Glossary , National Foundation for Cancer Research, Dana Farber Cancer Institute http://research.dfci.harvard.edu/nfcr-ctae/research/tech_glossary.php antibody
libraries:
Phage
and yeast display are used to develop high quality antibody libraries with vast
diversity. The speed of this approach offers advantages in that the libraries
can be screened for binding to multiple antigens, and the antibodies selected
can be further enhanced for improved affinity or potency. Techniques for
improving protein and antibody pharmacokinetics and bioprocess characteristics
will be discussed, as well as refinements for antibody engineering. New topics
this year will include antibodies and proteins against novel targets, display of
membrane proteins, and next-generation sequencing for creating diverse antibody
libraries and selections. Phage
& yeast display of antibodies and proteins PEGS:
the essential protein engineering summit May 9-13, 2011 •
Boston, MA Program | Register
| Download Brochure
antibody
therapeutics: Antibody-based therapeutics have progressed into expanded
applications through engineering breakthroughs and computational initiatives. Novel designs are
creating therapeutic antibodies that minimize unwanted properties while
improving specificity and half life. Antibodies for the 21st Century
January 12-13, 2011 • Coronado, CA
Program | Register
| Download Brochure Development of Antibody-Based Therapeutics DVD
May 16, 2010
antigen: A compound (protein, polysaccharide, microorganism, virus) foreign to the body that induces the production of specific antibodies. [IUPAC Bioinorganic] Related terms antibody, epitope antisense therapy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisense_therapy See also Pharmaceutical biology antisense biogenerics: Regulatory Affairs See also biosimilars biological product: Virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, or analogous product applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases or injuries in humans and/or animals. Note: The term “analogous product” may include essentially all biotechnology-derived products and procedures including gene therapy, transgenics, and somatic cell therapy. IUPAC Pharmaceutics biologic(s): Any virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic products, or analogous product applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of diseases or injuries in man. An overview of drug development, Barnett/Parexel, 2000 http://www.barnettinternational.com/EducationalServices_Publication.aspx?p=6464&id=97141 Biologics,
in contrast to drugs that are chemically synthesized, are derived from living
sources (such as humans, animals, and microorganisms). Most biologics are
complex mixtures that are not easily identified or characterized, and many
biologics are manufactured using biotechnology. Biological products often
represent the cutting- edge of biomedical research and, in time, may offer the
most effective means to treat a variety of medical illnesses and conditions that
presently have no other treatments available. Include
blood, vaccines, tissue, allergenics and biological therapeutics.
CBER, FDA, US website http://www.fda.gov/cber/about.htm Veterinary biologics
(vaccines, bacterins, diagnostics, etc, which are used to prevent, treat, or
diagnose animal diseases) are regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/cvb/ Biomarker Breakthroughs: Biologics http://www.biomarkerbreakthroughs.com/category/77/biologics/ biopharmaceutical: Any therapeutic biological compound, including recombinant proteins, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, therapeutic genes, and recombinant and DNA vaccines. Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, Glossary biopharmaceuticals: Biopharmaceuticals are
generally complex macromolecules derived from recombinant DNA technology, cell
fusion, or processes involving genetic manipulation. They include recombinant
proteins, genetically engineered vaccines; therapeutic monoclonal antibodies;
and nucleic acid based therapeutics, including gene therapy vectors.
Industry Canada, Biopharma Companies and Products in the Pipeline, 2004 http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inbio-pha.nsf/en/Home biosimilars:
Comparability for Change
Implementation and for Biosimilars April 6-7,
2011 • Bethesda, MD Bispecific
Antibody Therapeutics January
12-13, 2012 • Coronado, CA Program | Register | Download
Brochure Hybrid,
artificially produced antibodies in which each of two antigen-binding sites is
specific for separate antigenic determinants. Nature Glossary http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v2/n10/glossary/nrc903_glossary.html It is important to understand the distinction between biotechnology as a new process technology and as a drug discovery research tool. The first uses genetic engineering to manufacture large molecular weight drugs that cannot be directly synthesized or extracted. The second involves understanding the molecular basis of disease and the search for new therapeutic targets using techniques such as cloned receptors as screens or transgenic organisms created through gene knock-out technologies to determine protein function; most of the focus is on small molecule drugs that interact against those targets. As the pharmaceutical industry is using biotechnology in drug discovery, it will likely maintain its dominant position in small molecules, but the development and manufacture of protein based therapeutics requires a completely different set of core competencies. Product Definition, The Biopharmaceutical Sector, Industry Canada, 2003 http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inbio-pha.nsf/en/df00020e.html#2.1 Related terms: Business of biotechnology biotechnology firms, biotechnology industry biotherapeutics: PepTalk's Pipeline Three explores the pioneering world of protein-based therapeutics, from novel constructs to enhanced in vivo effects. The varied designs of Fusion Proteins will be illustrated including development and clinical data. How Antibody Therapeutics are engineered to achieve optimized properties will be discussed along with the new wave of bispecifics and drug conjugates that are realizing clinical success. The entire week encompasses the state of the art in antibody and recombinant protein therapeutics, and provides a review of next generation therapeutics. biotransformation: The chemical conversion of substances by living organisms or enzyme preparations. [IUPAC Medicinal Chemistry] The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either non- synthetic (OXIDATION- REDUCTION; HYDROLYSIS) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, ACETYLATION; METHYLATION). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. MeSH, 1970 cell therapeutics, cellular therapy: The FDA defines cell therapy as, “The prevention, treatment, cure or mitigation of disease or injuries in humans by the administration of autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic cells that have been manipulated or altered ex vivo.”1 The goal of cell therapy, overlapping with that of regenerative medicine, is to repair, replace or restore damaged tissues or organs. Cell therapy may take the form of a stem cell transplant such as a hematopoietic cell transplant that is used to restore the blood and immune system of patients with leukemia, lymphoma or other blood disorders. Pall Corp. FAQs Cell therapy and regenerative medicine http://www.pall.com/medical_38848.asp Related terms: gene therapy, myoblasts, stem cells; Cancer cancer vaccines See also high content assays Stem cells DNA vaccines: Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers. MeSH, 1997 Broader term: vaccines Narrower term: naked DNA vaccines DNA Vaccine.com http://dnavaccine.com/ effector functions
antibodies:
Mastering the ability to modify antibodies' effector functions
-- whether a critically needed or unwanted component -- offers a promising
approach to improving antibody properties and creating more efficacious
therapeutics. Effector
Functions to Optimize Efficacy of Therapeutic Antibodies DVD
January 11, 2011 epitope: Any part of a molecule that acts as an antigenic determinant. A macromolecule can contain many different epitopes each capable of stimulating production of a different specific antibody. [IUPAC Compendium] See also definition in IUPAC Provisional glossary Biomolecular Screening Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. MeSH, 1996 Sites involved in noncovalent interactions. NS Greenspan and E Di Cera "Defining epitope: It’s not as easy as it seems" Nature Biotechnology 17:936- 937 Oct. 1999 Related terms antibody, antigen, hapten; Narrower terms: conformational epitopes Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformational_epitope linear epitopes Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_epitope Also known as discontinuous epitopes. Mimotopes Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimotope epitope mapping: Maps, genomic & genetic first in humans biologics: Strategies for selection of lead biopharmaceuticals with enhanced manufacturability and development of production cell lines that can be used throughout development improve process economics. However, the pressure to initiate first-in-human trials drives companies to implement discovery, cell line development, and platform manufacturing approaches that enable faster entry into the clinic. These sub-optimal approaches force companies to introduce new cell lines or processes later in development and incur risks of comparability failure, timeline impact, or other delays in the program. The recent FDA Phase I guidance appears to reduce early development and manufacturing requirements, but the impact of following a sub-optimal path in early development may have a significant impact on later development, scalability, comparability, and process economics, which must be considered when deciding how to initiate a new development program. Speed to First-in-Human Trials for Biopharmaceuticals DVD June 23, 2010 Global Web Symposium formulation biologics: Drug delivery gene-based therapy: Therapies using or targeting genes, antisense or naked DNA. Related terms: cellular therapy, gene therapy, transfection. Google = about 663 May 8, 2003. about 789 Apr. 27, 2005; about 24,800 Nov 10, 2006 gene therapy: Targeting
Genes, Engineering Vectors, Designing Constructs & Optimizing
clones January 10-11, 2011 •
Coronado, CA Program | Register
| Download Brochure The introduction of new genes into cells for the purpose of treating disease by restoring or adding gene expression. Techniques include insertion of retroviral vectors, transfection, homologous recombination, and injection of new genes into the nuclei of single cell embryos. The entire gene therapy process may consist of multiple steps. The new genes may be introduced into proliferating cells in vivo (e.g., bone marrow) or in vitro (e.g., fibroblast cultures) and the modified cells transferred to the site where the gene expression is required. Gene therapy may be particularly useful for treating enzyme deficiency diseases, hemoglobinopathies, and leukemias and may also prove useful in restoring drug sensitivity, particularly for leukemia. MeSH, 1989 Gene therapy is in its infancy, and current gene therapy is primarily experimental, with most human clinical trials only in the research stages. ... Gene therapy can be targeted to somatic (body) or germ (egg and sperm) cells. In somatic gene therapy the recipient's genome is changed, but the change is not passed along to the next generation. In germline gene therapy, the parents egg and sperm cells are changed with the goal of passing on the changes to their offspring. Germline gene therapy is not being actively investigated, at least in larger animals and humans, although a lot of discussion is being conducted about its value and desirability. Many people falsely assume that germline gene therapy already is being done with regularity. News reports of parents selecting a genetically tested egg for implantation or choosing the sex of their unborn child may lead the public to think that gene therapy is occurring. Actually, in these cases, genetic information is being used for selection. No cells are altered or changed. [Oak Ridge National Lab, US "Gene Therapy" Oct. 2000] http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/medicine/genetherapy.html The term 'gene therapy' encompasses at least four types of application of genetic engineering for the insertion of genes into humans. The scientific requirements and the ethical issues associated with each type are discussed.
Somatic cell gene therapy is technically the simplest and ethically the least controversial. The first clinical trials will probably be undertaken within the next
year [1986]. Germ line gene therapy will require major advances in our present knowledge and it raises ethical issues that are now being debated. In order to provide guidelines for determining when germ line gene therapy would be ethical, the author presents three criteria which should be satisfied prior to the time that a clinical protocol is attempted in humans.
Enhancement genetic engineering presents significant, and troubling, ethical concerns. Except where this type of therapy can be justified on the grounds of preventive medicine, enhancement engineering should not be performed. The fourth type,
eugenic genetic engineering, is impossible at present and will probably remain so for the foreseeable future, despite the widespread media attention it has received.
W. French Anderson "Human gene therapy: scientific and ethical considerations" J Med Philosophy
10 (3): 275- 291, Aug. 1985 Google = about 501,000 May 8, 2003;
about 1,530,000 June 10, 2004; about 3,790,000 Nov 10, 2006, about 4,170,000 Jan
3, 2008 first in humans biologics Speed to First-in-Human Trials for Biopharmaceuticals DVD June 23, 2010 immunogen: A substance that elicits a cellular immune response and/ or antibody production (cf. antigen). IUPAC Compendium immunogenicity: Drug safety immunogenomics: Research in the Immunogenomics Laboratory is focused around the study of the organisation, function and evolution of vertebrate defense genes, particularly those encoded by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and the Leukocyte Receptor Complex (LRC). Both complexes form integral parts of the immune system. The MHC is the most important genetic region in relation to infection and common disease such as autoimmunity. Driven by pathogen variability, immune genes have become the most polymorphic loci known, with some genes having over 500 alleles. The main function of these genes is to provide protection against pathogens and they achieve this through complex pathways for antigen processing and presentation. However, even subtle changes in these pathways can lead to genetic miscommunication and result in disease, particularly autoimmune disease. This genetic balancing act also presents a major challenge to transplant medicine where the aim is to minimise the rejection of transplants while not having to compromise the patient's immune system. Stephan Beck, Team 50 Immunogenomics Lab, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UK http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Teams/Team50/ Google = about 211 May 8, 2003; about 600 Apr. 28, 2004; about 17,300 Nov. 7, 2005, about 33,700 Oct. 25, 2006; about 34,100 Nov 16, 2009 immunome, immunomics, immunoproteomics : -Omes & omics glossary immunotechnology: Technology based on applications of cells and molecules of the immune system. A major research interest is the application of human recombinant antibodies and antibody fragments in medical and industrial applications, as well as studies of mechanisms underlying somatic mutations in B cells and IgE switch in allergy. The use of synthetic antibodies in proteome analysis, including protein array technology is also pursued as well as gene array analysis of the transcriptome. B cell malignancies is one focus in antibody and gene therapy projects as well as viral infection in molecular breeding projects. [Dept. of Immunotechnology, Lund Univ., Sweden, 2002 http://www.immun.lth.se/ Google = about 5,620 June 10, 2004; about 103,000 Nov 16, 2009 immunotherapeutics:
The Immunotherapeutics & Vaccine Summit
ImVacs
August 16-18, 2011 • Cambridge,
MA Program
| Register
| Download Brochure Refers to any approach aimed at mobilizing or manipulating a patient's immune system to treat or cure disease. Although the term has been most often associated with therapies for established malignancies, immunotherapy is of increasing interest as an approach to arrest cancer at a much earlier stage. In addition as illustrated in the accompanying articles, immunotherapy is pertinent to the investigation and treatment of transplantation, autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and infectious disease. Ralph M Steinman and Ira Mellman, Immunotherapy; Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered No more. Science 305: 197- 200, 9 July 2004 The concept of using the immune system to treat disease, for example, developing a vaccine against cancer. Immunotherapy may also refer to the therapy of diseases caused by the immune system, allergies for example. [NHGRI] Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. MeSH, 1973 Google = about 305,000 June 10, 2004; about 713,000 Nov 13, 2009 immunotoxins: Semi-synthetic conjugates of various toxic molecules, including radioactive isotopes and bacterial or plant toxins, with specific immune substances such as immunoglobulins, monoclonal antibodies, and antigens. The antitumor or antiviral immune substance carries the toxin to the tumor or infected cell where the toxin exerts its poisonous effect. MeSH, 1990 Broader term: antibodies ligand: Drug & disease Targets ligand binding assays: Assays molecular therapeutics: Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics is published bimonthly and covers the broad field of molecular medicine, including viral and non-viral gene therapy, oligonucleotides, peptide therapeutics, antibody approaches, molecular vaccines, and the technologies underlying genomics and proteomics. Scope note: Current Opinion in Molecular Therapeutics, BioMedCentral http://www.biomedcentral.com/curropinmolther/ monoclonal antibodies: Approximately 286 monoclonal antibodies are in various stages of clinical development. Oncology is the area of greatest activity, with approximately 150 new monoclonal antibodies in the clinic for cancer indications. Some 70 monoclonal antibodies are in clinical development for treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Monoclonal antibodies in clinical development for other indications include 15 products for treatment of various metabolic disorders, 16 for CNS disorders, and 25 for infectious diseases. A further 10 are in development for treatment of cardiovascular diseases or transplant rejection. Monoclonal Antibodies in the Pipeline: A Segment of Major Growth discusses emerging technologies to improve the therapeutic characteristics of monoclonal antibodies. As injection is likely to remain the delivery route, the focus is on trying to ensure subcutaneous delivery while minimizing injection-site events and dosing frequency. PEGylation is seen as one of the simplest methods to enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of an antibody and alter its formulation properties. Therapeutic modification is being effected by efforts to improve the design of antibody conjugates and develop dual-specificity antibodies. Insight Pharma Reports Monoclonal Antibodies in the Pipeline: A Segment of Major Growth 2011 In the
nearly 35 years since the first process for creating mAbs was introduced, they
have remained a centerpiece of the growing biotechnology industry. Thirty
therapeutic mAbs have been approved around the world, including 23 in the United
States. A number of these drugs have attained blockbuster status, with
sales reaching the coveted billion-dollar mark and well beyond. Rituxan,
Remicade, Avastin, Herceptin, and Humira alone generated sales of over $4
billion each in 2008, and global sales for this entire sector surpassed $30
billion last year. The biotech industry devoted years to reducing the
immunogenicity of mAbs, developing the technologies—detailed in this
report—to progress from chimeric, to humanized, to fully human antibodies.
These succeeding generations of mAbs have demonstrated incremental improvements
in safety and activity, and the industry is currently in the middle of a major
shift toward humanized and human products. Insight Pharma Reports, Monoclonal
Antibodies: Pipeline Analysis and Competitive Assessment 2009 Translational Strategies for Development of Monoclonal
Antibodies DVD
April 6, 2009 • Antibodies produced by clones of cells such as those isolated after hybridization of activated B lymphocytes with neoplastic cells. These hybrids are often referred to as hybridomas. MeSH, 1982 Broader term: antibody; Related terms: clinical antibodies, cloning, hybridoma, fully humanized antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies, therapeutic antibodies, polyclonal antibodies naked DNA: DNA naked DNA vaccines: NIAID, NIH, Division of AIDS, Naked DNA Vaccines http://www.niaid.nih.gov/daids/vaccine/dna.htm NME New Molecular Entity: Regulatory Affairs PEGS: the essential protein engineering summit April
30 - May 4, 2012 • Boston, MA Program | Register | Download Brochure PepTalk January
9-13, 2012 • Coronado, CA Program | Register | Download
Brochure peptide receptors:
Cell surface receptors that bind peptide
messengers with high affinity and regulate intracellular signals which
influence the behavior of cells. MeSH, 1994 peptidomimetic A compound containing non- peptidic structural elements that is capable of mimicking or antagonizing the biological action(s) of a natural parent peptide. A peptidomimetic does no longer have classical peptide characteristics such as enzymatically scissille peptidic bonds. (See also peptoids). [IUPAC Medicinal Chemistry] Related terms: -Omes & -omics peptidome, peptidomic peptoid: A peptidomimetic that results from the oligomeric assembly of N-substituted glycines. [IUPAC Medicinal Chemistry] phage display:
Protein technologies See also
antibody libraries protein aggregation Bioprocessing protein
device combinations: Integrating protein formulations with parenteral
administration devices Protein-Device Combinations January
12-13, 2011 • Coronado, CA Program | Register | Download Brochure Order CD Although small molecules (which allow oral delivery) are preferred for drugs, a number of therapeutic proteins are available, and the number has increased with progress in biotechnology and genetic engineering. Important commercial products include insulin, monoclonal antibodies, growth factors, and various blood and plasma proteins. Related terms: antibody therapeutics, peptide therapeutics, protein aggregation recombinant
antibodies: As
new recombinant DNA technology continues to join with cellular and molecular
immunology, the field of antibody engineering has become a flourishing
discipline. Antibody genes are now being cloned, genetically manipulated, and
expressed to produce antigen binding proteins. Recombinant Antibodies, Wiley
1999 http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471178470.html
recombinant therapeutics:
: The formation of
new combinations and arrangements of genes during meiosis; recombination
is achieved by crossing over, independent assortment, and segregation. NHLBI reverse vaccinology: Today, the possibility of using genomic information allows us to study vaccine development in silico, without the need of cultivating the pathogen. This approach, which we have named 'reverse vaccinology', reduces the time required for the identification of candidate vaccines and provides new solutions for those vaccines which have been difficult or impossible to develop. Rappuoli R. Reverse vaccinology, a genome- based approach to vaccine development, Vaccine. 19 (17-19) 2688- 2691, Mar 21, 2001 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_vaccinology vaccine: An agent containing antigens produced from killed, attenuated or live pathogenic microorganisms, synthetic peptides or by recombinant organisms, used for stimulating the immune system of the recipient to produce specific antibodies providing active immunity and/or passive immunity in the progeny. IUPAC Compendium Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.
MeSH Narrower
terms: allogeneic polyvalent vaccines, allogenic vaccines, autologous vaccines, DNA vaccine; Related terms: reverse vaccinology; -Omes & -omics: vaccinome,
vaccinomics Bibliography
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Chemical
Terminology: Recommendations, compiled by Alan D. McNaught and Andrew
Wilkinson, Blackwell Science, 1997. "Gold Book" 6500+
definitions. http://goldbook.iupac.org/
IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. |
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