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Nanotechnology
offers the possibility of a device and a drug in one, with novel capabilities.
Technologies
map
Finding guide to terms in these glossaries Site
Map Related glossaries include Technologies: Biomaterials
& Bioengineering Labels, signaling & detection glossary
Molecular
Imaging Microarrays & protein chips
Microscopy Ultrasensitivity
BioMEMS Biological MicroElectro Mechanical Systems:
Highlights the technical advances in the field that
are leading a revolution in medicine, and creating a new generation of
analytical devices for medical diagnostics. The meeting will encompass
technology developments in micro & nano drug delivery, interface of nanotech
and tissue engineering, microfluidics, and miniaturized total analysis systems
(microTAS), biosensors, innovations in mass spec, and nanoscale imaging BioMEMS and
Nanotech World, Aug. 16- 17, 2004, Washington DC
Google = about 7,890 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 14,400 Jan. 12, 2004, 91,100 Dec 26, 2007 Broader term: MEMs; Narrower term: NEMS
biomimetic synthesis: Bioengineering
& Biomaterials glossary
Google = about 705 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 1,960 June 23, 2004
biomolecular nanoscale computing: Combinatorial
libraries & synthesis glossary bionanotechnology:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionanotechnology
Includes molecular motors, biomaterials, single molecule manipulation technologies,
biochip technologies, etc.
[Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Initiatives: Update Asian Technology
Information Program, Japan April 10, 2001]
www.atip.or.jp/public/atip.reports.01/atip01.018.pdf Google = about 489 July 17, 2002;
about 4,970 Jan. 12, 2004, about 67,600 Dec. 26, 2007 Compare
nanobiotechnology
bottom-up nanotechnology: Mostly chemists attempting to create
structure by connecting molecules. [Noah Robischon "Nanotechnology and the
battle to build smaller" Discovery Channel 1998] Google = about 71 Aug. 8, 2002; about 10,100 June
23, 2004 Related term: quantum dots
Compare top-down nanotechnology.
cantilever: A lever beam held down at one
end, with some support near the middle and which supports a load on
the other end. Diving boards and drawbridges are cantilevers. Google = about 135,000 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 291, 000 June 23, 2004
carbon
nanofoam:
A new form of carbon: a spongy solid that is extremely lightweight and,
unusually, attracted to magnets... John Giapintzakis of the University of Crete
has used an electron microscope to study the structure of the nanofoam. He says
it is the fifth form of carbon known after graphite, diamond and two recently
discovered types: hollow spheres, known as buckminsterfullerenes or buckyballs,
and nanotubes. Jim Giles, Scientists create fifth form of carbon, Nature 23 Mar.
2004
Electrically
conductive carbon nanofoams are a new material with many of the properties of
traditional aerogel material. These materials are available in the form of
monoliths, granules, powders and papers. They are synthetic, lightweight foams
in which the solid matrix and pore spaces have nanometer- scale dimensions.
Prepared by sol- gel methods, nanofoams typically have low density, continuous
porosity, high surface area, and fine cell/ pore sizes. The foams are also
electrically conductive and have a high capacitance. MarketTech International
Inc., Carbon Nanofoam http://www.mkt-intl.com/aerogels/carbon.html
Are there any
non-carbon nanofoams?
carbon nanotubes:
Tiny tubes about 10,000 times thinner than a human
hair -- consist of rolled up sheets of carbon hexagons. Discovered in 1991 by
researchers at NEC, they have the potential for use as minuscule wires or in
ultrasmall electronic devices. To build those devices, scientists must be able
to manipulate the Nanotubes in a controlled way. [IBM Research Nanotechnology
"Carbon nanotubes" 2001] http://www.research.ibm.com/topics/popups/serious/nano/html/nanotubes.html
Carbon nanotube tips have several advantages [as atomic force microscopy
tips] , including high aspect ratio for imaging deep and narrow crevices, low
tip- sample adhesion for gentle imaging, the ability to elastically buckle
rather than break when large forces are applied, and the potential to achieve
resolutions in the range of 1.0 nm or less. In addition, carbon nanotubes have
well defined molecular structures so that it is possible to control their
synthesis to make every tip with an identical structure and resolution. Carbon
nanotubes can be selectively modified at their ends with organic or biological
molecules to allow functional sensitive
imaging.
As described and developed by Charles Lieber and colleagues, carbon nanotube
tips can be 'grown' directly by a process called chemical vapor deposition (CVD),
using a reaction of ethylene with an electrodeposited iron catalyst in etched
pores on commercial silicon- cantilever- tip assemblies (10).
The resulting nanotubes have radii of 3-8 nm if multiwalled; single- walled
tubes have smaller radii, on the order of 1-2 nm or less, and potentially less
than 0.5 nm if certain conditions are met. [NIGMS "Single
Molecule Detection and Manipulation Workshop" Single
Molecule Fluorescence of Biomolecules and Complexes Protein Folding April
17-18, 2000] http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/reports/single_molecules.html#examples
Google = about 35,500 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 122,000 June 23, 2004 Broader terms:
fullerenes, nanotubes
cascade molecules: See under dendrimers
Google = about 40 Aug. 8,
2002; about 149 June 23, 2004
Chemical Vapor Deposition CVD: See under carbon nanotubes
Google = about 46,600 Aug. 8,
2002; about 101,000 June 23, 2004
DNA computing: Computers & computing
Related terms: molecular
computing, nanocomputer, quantum computing.
Are any of these synonyms?
DNA diagnostics - miniaturization of:
In the areas of sample preparation
and assay, it is clear that miniaturization is key. To reduce the size
of samples by a factor of 10 or greater, barriers in
microfluidics,
micromachining, robotics, microchemistry, nucleic acid chemistry, and
surface chemistry must be overcome. To implement miniaturized protocols
accurately and efficiently, substantial automation of the process will
be required. In the development of miniaturized systems, it is essential
that the system can be adapted for high levels of parallelization.
Miniaturization poses significant technological risks. Currently, there
exists no universally accepted precedent for the handling, replication,
amplification, or cloning of DNA in nanoliter volumes. Due to the size
and charge of the DNA molecule, and the relative instability of many of
the enzymes involved in the sample preparation processes, nanoliter and
less volumes may pose substantial challenges. In addition, interactions
of the biological molecules with the surfaces of the reaction chambers
must be minimized. For some methodologies, it is not clear what the optimal
sample will be, so substantial improvement in DNA fragmentation technologies
or DNA cloning vectors may be required for the ultimate efficient application
to diagnostics. Improvements in any of these areas are likely to be of
value to other non- DNA based diagnostic applications such as antibody screening
protocols and enzyme based diagnostics, because miniaturized robotic or micro-
electro mechanical systems developed for DNA could be modified to
be used for these purposes. [NIST Advanced Technology Program "Tools for
DNA Diagnostics" 1997] http://www.atp.nist.gov/atp/97wp-dna.htm
How much progress has been made?
dendrimer:
A polymer having a regular branched structure; If
suitably functionalized may be used as a soluble support, in which
case the desired, dendrimer- supported, material may be isolated by size-
exclusion
chromatography. Dendrimers may also be attached to a polymer and used as
a solid support, with significantly increased loading over the initial
resin. [IUPAC COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY] Dendrimers consist of interconnected monomeric subunits
that hybridize to form a tree- like structure. Each monomer is a double- stranded
DNA molecule where the two strands share a region of sequence complementarity in
the middle of molecule. Also known as "cascade molecules"
Google
= about 5,540 Aug. 8, 2002; about 17,800 June 23, 2004 Related
term: Cell biology dendritic cells glycodendrimers:
Glycosciences
glossary Dip
Pen Nanolithography DPN:
New AFM- based soft- lithography technique which was invented
in our labs. Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) is a scanning probe
nanopatterning technique in which an AFM tip is used to deliver molecules to a
surface via a solvent meniscus, which naturally forms in the ambient atmosphere. This
direct- write technique offers high- resolution patterning
capabilities for a number of molecular and biomolecular 'inks' on a variety of
substrates Chad Mirkin group, Dip Pen Nanolithography, Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern Univ., US
http://www.chem.northwestern.edu/~mkngrp/dpn.htm
Google = about 614 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 3,210 June 23, 2004
femtoengineering: Will involve engineering
using mechanisms within a quark. Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers
Exceed Human Intelligence by Ray Kurzweil, Penguin paperback http://www.penguinputnam.com/static/packages/us/kurzweil/excerpts/timeline/tlnotes.htm
Broader terms: microengineering, nanoengineering,
picoengineering femtomole: Ultrasensitivity glossary
Google = about 1,540 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 4,290 June 23, 2004
fullerene:
A new allotrope of carbon characterized by a closed cage
structure consisting of an even number of three coordinate carbon atoms devoid
of hydrogen atoms. This class was originally limited to closed-cage structures
with twelve isolated five- membered rings, the rest being six- membered rings.
[IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature for the C60-Ih
and C70-D5h(6) Fullerenes,
2001] http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract01/powell_301101.html
Google = about 73,100 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 124,000 June 23, 2004
glyconanotechnology:
Glycosciences glossary
Google = about 15 June
23, 2004
Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology IWGN,
National Science and Technology Council NSTC, US http://www.er.doe.gov/production/bes/IWGN.Research.Directions/cover.pdf
MEMS MicroElectro Mechanical Systems:
MEMS is less an application area in itself than a manufacturing or fabrication technique that enables other application areas. Many authors use
MEMS as shorthand to imply a number of particular application areas. As it is used here, MEMS is a
"top- down" fabrication technology that is especially useful for integrating mechanical and electrical systems together on the same chip. It is grouped in the category of integrated
microsystems because these same MEMS techniques can be extended in the future to also help integrate biological and chemical components
on the same chip, as discussed below. Thus far, MEMS techniques have been used to make some functional commercial devices such as
sensors and single- chip measurement devices. Many researchers have used MEMS technologies as analytical tools in other areas of
nanotechnology [Central Intelligence Agency, US The Global Technology
Revolution, Chapter Two Technology Trends, Genomics, 2001]
Stood originally for
Micro-ElectroMechanical System -- microscopic mechanical elements, fabricated on
silicon chips by techniques similar to those used in integrated circuit
manufacture, for use as sensors, actuators, and other devices. Today almost any
miniaturized device (based on Si technology or traditional precision
engineering, chemical or mechanical) is referred to as a MEMS device. http://www.memsnet.org/glossary/
Google = about 19,000 Aug. 8, 2002 Related terms: micromachining. Narrower terms
BioMEMS, NEMS
MEMs based Microelectrode arrays: Microarrays
categories
MOEMS MicroOpticalElectroMechanical systems:
In addition to mechanical and electrical components,
integrate waveguides or other optical features into the body of the silicon chip.
Intellisense Corp. MEMS The Next Small Thing http://www.intellisensesoftware.com/Technology.html
Google = about 10 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 12 June 23, 2004; about 10 May 2, 2005
metal nanoshells:
A new type of nanoparticle composed of a
semiconductor or dielectric core coated with an ultrathin conductive layer.. By adjusting the relative core and shell thicknesses, metal nanoshells can be fabricated that will absorb or scatter light at any wavelength across the entire visible and infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
[Halas Nanoengineering Group, Rice Univ. US, 2000] http://www.ece.rice.edu/%7Ehalas/research.html Google = about 171 Aug. 8, 2002,
about 3,400 Dec. 26 2007 Broader
terms: nanoparticle, nanoshells
microbubbles:
Very small encapsulated gas bubbles (diameters
of micrometers) that can be used in diagnostic and therapeutic
applications. Upon exposure to sufficiently intense ultrasound,
microbubbles will cavitate, rupture, disappear, release gas content,
etc. Such characteristics of the microbubbles can be used to enhance
diagnostic tests, dissolve blood clots, and deliver drugs or genes for
therapy. MeSH 2004
microchemistry:
The development and use of techniques and
equipment to study or perform chemical reactions, with small quantities of
materials, frequently less than a milligram or a milliliter. MeSH 2003 Google = about 5,050 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 13,700 June 23, 2004 Related term: micro- TAS
microchip: Microarray
categories Google = about 373,000 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 647,000 June 23, 2004
microchip electrophoresis: Chromatography
& electrophoresis glossary Google = about 307 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 818 June 23, 2004
microdevices: Narrower terms: integrated microdevices, nanodevices,
SED Single Electron Devices. Related terms microelectronics, microfluidics,
micro- TAS. Google = about 23,600 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 124,000 June 23, 2004; about 976,000 Dec 26, 2007
MicroElectro Mechanical Systems:
See MEMS.
microelectronics:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microelectronics
Google = about 423,000 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 978,000 June 23, 2004, about 5,650,000 Dec 26, 2007
Narrower terms: MEMS, nanoelectronics,
optoelectronics, SED Single Electron Devices. Related terms: molecular
electronics, semiconductors, supramolecular electronics
microengineering: Related terms
include MEMS, microfabrication,
microfluidics, micromachining, NEMS, nanoengineering Google = about 10,100 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 240,000 June 23, 2004, about 762,000 Dec 26, 2007
microfabrication:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication
This technology includes techniques used to
manufacture integrated circuits (ICs), discrete microelectronic devices,
MEMS devices such as sensors and actuators, and various electro-optic
devices. [University of Louisville Microfabrication Lab] is currently
serving as a center for research activity in the areas of micromachined
sensors and actuators, electro- optic devices, special- purpose microelectronic
devices, planar waveguides, chemical transducers, microstrip and
microgap radiation detectors, micromachined nozzles, and micromachined ink- jet printheads. [Lutz Microfabrication Lab, Univ. of Louisville, US,
2000] http://mitghmr.spd.louisville.edu/lutz/int_hist.html
Google = about 42,100 Aug. 8, 2002; about
67,300 June 23, 2004, about 301,000 Dec 26k 2007 Related terms: microelectronics, nanofabrication; Assays,
labels, signaling & detection single molecule detection
Microfabrication
Glossary
MEMsNet, about 350 terms http://www.memsnet.org/glossary/
microfluidics:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfluidics
The study of fluid channels and chambers of
tiny dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers and volumes of nanoliters or
picoliters. This is of interest in biological MICROCIRCULATION
and used in MICROCHEMISTRY
and INVESTIGATIVE
TECHNIQUES MeSH 2004
Enables the fabrication of
networks of channels, chambers, and valves for the flow of liquids as minute as
one picoliter. These systems have no moving parts and require little assembly. [Coventor
"About Coventor" 2002] http://www.coventor.com/about/ Within
the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and biological and chemical detection
communities, microfluidics refers to the research and development of
microscale devices that handle very small volumes of fluids (nano- and picoliter
volumes). These devices may perform tasks such as DNA analysis or the
separation of human blood cells. [Josh Molho "What is microfluidics?"
Stanford Univ., US, 2000] http://micromachine.stanford.edu/~jmolho/research/research.html
Google = about 13,500 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 51,300 June 23, 2004, about 418,000 Dec 26, 2007
Narrower term: nanofluidics; Related term: Microarrays
categories lab- on -a- chip
microinjection:
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinjection
The insertion of a substance into a cell through
a microelectrode. Typical applications include the injection of drugs,
histochemical markers (such as horseradish peroxidase or lucifer yellow)
and RNA or DNA in molecular biological studies. To extrude the substances
through the very fine electrode tips, either hydrostatic pressure (pressure
injection) or electric currents (ionophoresis) is employed. [OMD]
A technique for introducing a solution of DNA, protein, or other soluble
material into a cell using a fine microcapillary pipet. [Life Sciences
Dictionary] Google = about 18,700 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 96,300 June 23, 2004
micromachines:
Wikipedia Micromachinery, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromachines Google = about 25,900 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 128,000 June 23, 2004; about 157,000 May 2, 2005, 490,000 Dec 26, 2007
Related terms: Labels, signaling & detection glossary
actuators, sensors, transducers
micromachining: Techniques
for fabricating MEMS. Narrower
terms: bulk micromachining http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_micromachining
surface micromaching http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_micromachining
Broader term:
microengineering Google = about 28,200 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 81,000 June 23, 2004; about 365,000 Dec 26, 2007
micromanipulation: laser tweezers, optical
tweezers; Ultrasensitivity
glossary single molecule
detection and manipulation Google = about 8,140 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 25,800 June 23, 2004, about 141,000 Dec 26, 2007
micromaterials: Narrower term: nanomaterials Related terms: Bioengineering
& Biomaterials
glossary Google = about 1,850 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 1,720 June 23, 2004, about 6,940 Dec 26, 2007
micron:
10 -6 Symbol is u.
microparticles:
Applications include calibration of flow
cytometers, particle and hematology analyzers, confocal laser scanning microscopes and zetapotential measuring instruments;
flow measurements in gases and liquids like Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA);
Particle Dynamics Analysis (PDA), and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV);
medical diagnostics; separation phases for chromatography; support for immobilized enzymes;
spacer in liquid crystal displays (LCD's); peptide synthesis; cell separation;
tracers in environmental science; model systems in medicine, biochemistry, colloid
chemistry, and aerosol research. [Microparticles GmbH, Berlin Germany] http://www.microparticles.de/micropart2e.html
Can be used for drug
delivery Google = about 8,980 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 33,000 June 23, 2004, about 386,000 Dec 26, 2007
Narrower term: nanoparticles
micro-PET: Molecular Imaging
glossary
microspheres: Drug delivery
microstructures:
The last decade has seen rapid developments in the
fabrication, characterization and conceptual understanding of synthetic
microstructures in many different material systems including silicon, III-V and
II-VI semiconductors, metals, ceramics and organics. The objective of this
journal [Superlattices and Microstructures] is to provide a common
interdisciplinary platform for the publication of the latest research results on
all such "nanostructures" with dimensions in the range of 1 - 100 nm;
the unifying theme here being the dimensions of these artificial structures
rather than the material system in which they are fabricated. [Superlattices
& Microstructures, Elsevier http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/0749-6036
Google = about 71,900 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 92,400 Aug. 26, 2003
microsystem: A microscale machine that can sense
information from the environment and act accordingly. Outside the U.S., it can
also refer to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). [smalltimes glossary, 2002]
http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=3631
Google = about 2,200,000 Aug. 9, 2002;
about 3,050,000 Aug. 26, 2003
Related term: wireless microsystems
microTas, micro Total Analysis Systems, uTAS:
Although initial
research dates back to the early 1970’s, the field of micro- TAS formally
started in 1990, when Manz et al described the possibility of creating
microsystems that would take care of many or all the traditional analytical
steps involved in a biochemical analysis (sample introduction, handling,
extraction, purification, concentration, filtration, analysis, detection) ....
Micro- TAS offer many advantages over traditional analysis systems. Low
power consumption and small reaction volumes, faster analysis, ultrasensitive
detection, and minimal human intervention are key parameters in the development
of micro- TAS. Most biochemical reactions take place in liquid environments.
Hence, the development of MicroTAS is intrinsically linked to the design
of liquid handling micro- devices. [Biomedical Applications Group (GAB)
Centro Nacional de Microelectronica (CNM- IMB) Bellaterra, Spain, 2000]
Related term: microchemistry Google = microTAS about 401; "microTotal Analysis
systems" about 953 Aug. 8, 2002 Broader term: Assays &
screening glossary analysis - molecular
microtransponder: Labels, signaling & detection glossary Google = about 148 Aug. 9, 2002;
about 244 June 23, 2004
miniaturization:
Desirable for many technologies for overall
cost reduction (including reduction in the amount of reagents and analytes).
Important to remember that building space is often the least available
and most expensive component of an overall laboratory budget. Google = about 52,800 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 120,000 June 23, 2004
mole: Biomolecules glossary
molecular computing: Computers & computing
Google = about 5,210 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 12,100 June 23, 2004
molecular electronics:
Molecular electronics offers the tantalizing prospect of
eventually building circuits with critical dimensions of a few nanometers. Some
basic devices utilizing molecules have been demonstrated, including tunnel
junctions with negative differential resistance, rectifiers and electrically
configurable switches that have been used in simple electronic memory and logic
circuits. A major challenge that remains is to show that such devices can be
fabricated economically using a process that will scale to circuits with large
numbers of elements while maintaining their desired electronic properties. Yong
Chen et. al, Nanoscale molecular-switch devices fabricated by imprint
lithography, Applied Physics Letters, (82: 10): 1610- 1612
March 10, 2003 , Hewlett Packard Labs Research http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/papers/2003/molecular_switch.html
Seeks to
use individual molecules to perform functions in electronic circuitry now
performed by semiconductor devices. Individual molecules are hundreds of
times smaller than the smallest features conceivably attainable by semiconductor
technology. Because it is the area taken up by each electronic element
that matters, electronic devices constructed from molecules will be hundreds of
times smaller than their semiconductor-based counterparts. Moreover,
individual molecules are easily made exactly the same by the billions and
trillions. The dramatic reduction in size, and the sheer enormity of
numbers in manufacture, are the principle benefits promised by the field of
molecular electronics. California Molecular Electronics Corp. 2005 http://www.calmec.com/molecula1.htm
Google = about 15,600 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 63,500 June 23, 2004, about 402,000 Dec. 15, 2005, about 326,000 Dec 26,
2007 Related terms: Ultrasensitivity glossary single molecule
...
Molecular
electronics,
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_electronics
molecular nanoscience:
An emerging interdisciplinary field that combines the study of
molecular/ biomolecular systems with the science and technology of nanoscale structures and systems. The potential applications for this research are very broad and include such possibilities as 1) the use of biomolecules and cellular systems to
self- assemble nanoelectronic circuitry and other nanoscale structures and 2) the use of lamellar host
frameworks containing nano pores that can be tailored to include guest molecules for separation of chemicals for pharmaceutical and other applications.
Molecular Nanoscience Alliance for Interdisciplinary Studies and Activities,
Univ. of Minnesota, US, http://blog.lib.umn.edu/archives/lewa0025/science/cat_nanotechnology
Google = about 38 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 162 June 23, 2004, about 2,270 Dec 26, 2007 Narrower terms:
nanobiology, nanochemistry, nanoengineering, nanophysics, nanostructures.
molecular nanotechnology: See molecular
nanoscience, nanotechnology. Google = about 7,300 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 18,600 June 23, 2004, about 112, 000 Dec 26, 2007
molecular robotics: Ralph Merkle, A New Family of
Six Degree of Freedom Positional Devices, Zyvex, 1994 http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/6dof.html
NEMS Nano ElectroMechanical Systems: Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectromechanical_systems
The time is ripe for a
concerted exploration of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) i.e. machines,
sensors, computers and electronics that are on the nanoscale. Such efforts are
under way in my group at Caltech, and in several others around the world. The
potential payoffs are likely to be enormous and could benefit a diverse range of
fields, from medicine and biotechnology to the foundations of quantum mechanics.
[Michael Roukes "Nanoelectromechanical systems face the future"
Physics World 14 (2) Feb. 2001] http://physicsweb.org/article/world/14/2/8
Google
nanoelectromechanical = about 2,980 Jan. 12, 2004, about 38,000 Dec 26, 2007
nano:
10 -9 Ultrasensitivity
glossary
nanoarray: Microarrays categories Google = about 211 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 755 June 23, 2004
nanobarcodes: Labels,
signaling & detection glossary Google = about 148 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 364 June 23, 2004
nanobiology:
Many fundamental biological functions are carried out by molecular machineries that have the sizes of 1-100 nm. You find many examples in
molecular biology and cell biology: single enzymes, transcription complex, ribosome, transport complex, nuclear pore, and so on. To understand
the functions of these machineries, one has to describe their movements, changes in their shapes, and their localization. This means the
mechanistic study is equivalent to dynamic morphology at this level of size, making a new field that merges mechanistic biology and
morphology. The emergence of nanobiology depended on the invention of nano-
technology: scanning probe microscopy, modern optical techniques, and micro-
manipulating techniques.
This concept of nanobiology was first proposed in a group study named "Biological
Nano- Mechanisms", which was supported by Japanese
Agency of Science and Technology (1992-1997). [National Institute of Genetics,
Japan] http://www.nig.ac.jp/labs/BioMech/Nanobiology.html
Google = about 1,380 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 2,910 Jan. 12, 2004; about 3,300 June 23, 2004, about 37,300 Dec
26, 2007
nanobioprocessors: Implantable
nano scale processors that can integrate with biological pathways and
modify biological processes. Trans- NIH Bioengineering
Nanotechnology Initiative, SBIR, PA Number 02- 125: http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-02-125.html
Google = about 2 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 5 June 23, 2004
nanobiotechnology:
An emerging area of
scientific and technological opportunity. Nanobiotechnology applies the
tools and processes of nano/ microfabrication to build devices for
studying biosystems. Researchers also learn from biology how to create
better micro- nanoscale devices. The Nanobiotechnology Center (NBTC), a
National Science Foundation, Science and Technology Center is
characterized by its highly interdisciplinary nature and features a
close collaboration between life scientists, physical scientists, and
engineers. NBTC, NanoBiotechnology Center, Cornell Univ. US http://www.nbtc.cornell.edu/
Use of
nanotechnology[ies] in the life sciences. These may include, but are not
limited to, therapeutics, medical devices/implants, biosensors, and
tools for the development of drugs. NanoBioNexus News, 1[1]: 2 July 8,
2004
Google = about 3620 July 17, 2002;
about 13,600 Jan. 12, 2004; about 19,800 June 23, 2004, about 263,000
Dec 26, 2007 Compare bionanotechnology
nanochemistry:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanochemistry
The last few years have observed a wide
proliferation of the terminology related to nanotechnology and nanoscience in
chemistry. Today, all high impact chemistry journals contain a large number of
papers devoted to this growing area, as many conferences include specific
sessions on nanotechnology. The scope of this project is to study the use of
"nano-" terminology in chemistry, analyzing its evolution with time,
by country, and its penetration among various chemical disciplines. The aim of
this project is not to make any formal definition or recommendation of the use
of "nano-" in chemistry, but first to determine what is the current
situation regarding the use of "nano-" in chemistry terminology
through a detailed analysis of peer-reviewed papers, patents, and books. This
project will deliver a guideline for IUPAC to assess the use of
"nano-" in chemistry as a first step in proposing recommendations and
suggested terminology. IUPAC Analysis of the usage of nanoscience
and technology in chemistry
2008 http://www.iupac.org/web/ins/2007-040-2-200
Google = about 2,350 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 5,270 June 23, 2004; about 20,200 May 2, 2005
nanochip:
In
Friday's issue [Aug. 1, 2001] of the journal Science, physicists from IBM's Thomas
J. Watson Research Center [Philip G. Collins, Michael S. Arnold and Phaedon
Avouris] announce their fabrication of the world's first array of transistors
made from carbon nanotube. [Mark Anderson "Mega Steps toward the
Nanochip" Wired News Aug. 1, 2001] http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,43324,00.html
Google = about 1,940 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 10,100 June 23, 2004
nanocircles: Stanford scientists have
synthesized a molecule of DNA that is capable of shutting off specific genes in
living bacteria. Dubbed the "nanocircle," the new nanometer- size
molecule might one day give researchers the ability to target harmful genes that
cause cancer and other diseases in humans. Stanford Report, Stanford
Univ, US, Jan. 25, 2002 http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/report/news/january30/nanocircles-130.html
Google = about 280 Jan. 14, 2003
nanoclusters: A nanocluster or nanocrystal is a fragment of solid comprising somewhere between a few
atoms to a few tens of thousands of atoms. Nanoclusters are therefore a novel state of matter with properties that are neither those of a bulk crystal nor
those of individual atoms and molecules.
Over the past 10 years huge advances have been made both in the synthesis of
size- tunable, monodisperse
(i.e. size- selected) nanoclusters of various chemical compositions and in the development of techniques for their assembly into nanostructured solids (facilitating the synthesis of what have been termed "designer materials").
Nanoparticles, Nanoclusters, Nanoscience Group, Nottingham Univ., UK, 2002
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/unimat/expertise/nanotech/nanoparticles.phtml Google = about 5,910 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 34,000 June 23, 2004; about 102,000 May 2, 2005
nanocomposites:
The definition of nano-composite material has broadened
significantly to encompass a large variety of systems such as one-dimensional,
two-dimensional, three-dimensional and amorphous materials, made of distinctly
dissimilar components and mixed at the nanometer scale.
The general class
of nanocomposite organic/ inorganic materials is a fast growing area of
research. Significant effort is focused on the ability to obtain control of the
nanoscale structures via innovative synthetic approaches. The properties of
nano-composite materials depend not only on the properties of their individual
parents but also on their morphology and interfacial characteristics.
Nanocomposites, Mercouri G Kanatzidis Research Group, Michigan State University http://www.cem.msu.edu/~kanatzid/Nanocomposites.html
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocomposite Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocomputer
nanocomputer:
A computer whose fundamental components measure
only a few nanometers in size. State of the art current computer components
are no smaller than about 350 nm. [Mnemosyne Mnews 21 (3) January
2001 " The Nanotechnology Initiative and Future Electronics" Presentation
by Gail J. Brown, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright- Patterson Air Force
Base, November 16, 2000] http://users.erinet.com/3277/Mnemosyne%20Mnews%20Jan%2001.pdf
Google = about 8,170 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 8,260 June 23, 2004; about 13,800 Nov 27, 2006, about 26,000 Dec 26, 2007
Related terms: DNA computing, molecular computing, quantum computing, others?
nanocrystals: A nanocrystal typically has a diameter of between 1 and 10 nm and may contain as few as a hundred or as many as tens of thousands of atoms. Many fundamental properties of nanocrystals depend strongly on their size in smooth and predictable ways. Examples include the external field required to switch a magnetized particle
of great importance in magnetotactic bacteria and in hard disk drives and the color of light emission from a semiconductor
used for the fluorescent labeling of cells and in lasers. This facile tuning of properties by size variation is one reason why nanocrystals are widely viewed as promising components for new artificial optical and electrical materials.
["Enhanced: Naturally Aligned Nanocrystals" A. P. Alivisatos Science
289 (5480): 736-7 Aug. 4, 2000 ] Google = about 13,700 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 94,600 June 23, 2004; about 1,120,000 Nov 27, 2006 Related term: quantum dots
nanodetectors: Molecular
imaging glossary
Google = about 21 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 83 June 23, 2004; about 690 Nov 27, 2006, about 567 Dec 26, 2007
nanodevices: Scientists believe nanoscale devices may lead to
computer chips with billions of transistors, instead of millions - which is the
typical range in today's semiconductor technology. The more transistors crammed
on a chip, the more powerful it is. "This technology has the potential to
replace existing manufacturing methods for integrated circuits, which may reach
their practical limits within the next decade when Moore's Law eventually hits a
brick wall," said physicist Bernard Yurke of Bell Labs. DNA, which provides
the molecular blueprints for all living cells, is an ideal tool for making
nanoscale devices. "We took advantage of how pieces of DNA - with its
billions of possible variations - lock together in only one particular way, like
pieces of a jigsaw puzzle," Yurke said. ["Researchers from Lucent
Technologies' Bell Labs and University of Oxford create first DNA motors"
Lucent Technologies press release, Aug. 9, 2000] http://www.lucent.com/press/0800/000809.bla.html
Google = about 4,870 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 21,800 June 23, 2004, about 174,000 Dec 26, 2007 Broader term: microdevices
nanoelectronics:
Mitre Corp., Nanoelectronics Home
Page http://www.mitre.org/technology/nanotech/index.html
Nanoelectronics in Japan and Korea tends to focus on next generation semiconductor devices and
single electron devices (SED). [Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Initiatives: Update Asian Technology
Information Program, Japan April 10, 2001] www.atip.or.jp/public/atip.reports.01/atip01.018.pdf
Google = about 13,100 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 86,100 June 23, 2004, about 374,000 Dec 26, 2007 Broader
term: microelectronics
nanoelectrospray MS/MS: Mass spectrometry
glossary Google = about 22 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 119 June 23, 2004
nanoengineering:
We use chemistry to construct nanostructures and their composites, then focus our attention on the electronic, optical, and transport properties of these nanostructures and the macroscopic films and materials that can be constructed from them. This research lies at the common frontier of chemistry, condensed matter physics, optics, and bioengineering.
[Halas Nanoengineering Group, Rice Univ. US, 2000] http://www.ece.rice.edu/%7Ehalas/research.html
Google = about 2,340 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 10,700 June 23, 2004, about 67,800 Dec 26, 2007 Narrower terms: femtoengineering, picoengineering; Related terms: microengineering, nanoscience,
self-assembly.
nanofabrication: Nanofabrication methods can be divided into two
categories: top- down methods, which carve out or add aggregates of
molecules to a surface, and bottom- up methods, which assemble atoms or
molecules into nanostructures. [George M. Whitesides and J. Christopher Love
"The art of building small" Scientific American 285 (3): 39- 47, Sept.
2001]
Fabrication on the nanotechnology scale.
Google = about 15,100 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 47,900 June 23, 2004; about 761,000 Nov 27, 2006, about 284,000 Broader term: microfabrication
nanofibers, nanofibres: Using a proprietary process, eSpin is
able to produce minute fibers which are 10 to 100 times smaller in diameter than
what is possible with conventional textile technology. For comparison,
eSpin nanofibers are about 100 times smaller than a human hair. These nanofibers
provide a very large surface area for a given weight of fibers. High surface
area is at the heart of many envisioned products. Used for clean room products,
nanocomposites, filtration, surgical gowns, biomedical devices, and specialty
fabrics. [eSpin Technologies, "Products"] http://www.nanospin.com/products.htm
Google = nanofibers about
2,540 Aug. 8 2002; about 12,100 June 23, 2004; nanofibres about
508 Aug. 8, 2002; about 5,730 June 23, 2004
nanofiltration:
A pressure driven separation process. The filtration process takes place on a
selective separation layer formed by an organic semipermeable membrane. The
driving force of the separation process is the pressure difference between the
feed (retentate) and the filtrate (permeate) side at the separation layer of the
membrane. However, because of its selectivity, one or several components of a
dissolved mixture are retained by the membrane despite the driving force, while
water and substances with a molecular weight < 200 D are able to permeate the
semipermeable separation layer. Eurodia, "Nanofiltration" http://www.eurodia.com/html/nab.html
Google = about 306,000
Nov 27, 2006
nanofluidics:
Researchers at Cornell University are using nanotechnology to build microscopic silicon devices with features
comparable in size to DNA, proteins and other biological molecules -- to count molecules, analyze them, separate them, perhaps
even work with them one at a time.
[Cornell Univ. "Tiny silicon devices measure, sort and count
biomolecules" Feb. 16, 2001] Newswise] http://www.newswise.com/articles/2001/2/NANFLUID.CNS.html
Google = about 365 Aug. 8, 2002; about 15,400 June
23, 2004; about 865,500 Nov 27, 2006, about 83,200 Dec 26, 2007
Related terms: microfluidics, nanoplumbing
Broader term: microfluidics
nanofoam: See under carbon nanofoam
nanoharvesting:
Nanoharvesting agents are being designed to act as molecular mops
for these [cancer] biomarkers and can be directly queried by mass spectrometry.
Dr. Emanuel F. Petricoin, Co-Director, NCI-FDA Clinical Proteomics Program,
Senior Principal Investigator, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.
S. Food and Drug Administration, Use of the Serum Fragmentome for Clinical
Diagnostics, Cancer
Biomarkers, May 4-5, 2004 Philadelphia Google = about 6 May
28, 2004; about 4 June 23, 2004, about 41 Dec 26, 2007
nanoimaging: Molecular
imaging glossary Google = about 32 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 923 June 23, 2004
nanoimprinting:
Using an imprinting technique to create
nanostructures. With photolithography successfully producing sub-100-nm
structures, attention has now turned to 50-nm structures. UCI Division Director
Yee Discusses Nanoimprinting at UCSD http://www.calit2.net/technology/features/3-04_yee.html
Sometimes called soft lithography. A technique that is
very simple in concept, and totally analogous to traditional mould- or
form-based printing technology, but that uses moulds (masters) with nanoscale
features. As with the printing press, the potential for mass production is
clear. There are two forms of nanoimprinting, one that uses pressure to make
indentations in the form of the mould on a surface, the other, more akin to the
printing press, that relies on the application of "ink" applied to the
mould to stamp a pattern on a surface. Other techniques such as etching may then
follow Nanotechnology Glossary http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotechnology-glossary-M-O.htm Google = about 191 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 13,800 June 23, 2004
nanolabels: Labels,
signaling & detection glossary
Google = about 32 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 52 June 23, 2004
nanomachines:
One approach to manufacturing nanomachines involves using
biological molecules -- such as DNA, RNA, enzymes and proteins -- to synthesize
and duplicate useful devices (this might be termed the bottom-up approach). The
other major approach involves miniaturizing today's microfabrication tools by
stages, ultimately to work at the nanoscale (the top- down approach). Each
approach has strengths and limitations, and the first nanofactories capable of
molecular manufacturing will likely use some combination of both. David B.
Hughes, Nanoassemblers to Nanofactories, Nanobiology, 2005 http://techbio.info/nanobiology/node/5
Google = about 7,080 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 45,600 June 23, 2004; about 92,900 May 2, 2005
nanomanufacturing:
Is expected to be high- volume, high- rate, integrated assembly
of nano- elements into commercial products. This involves controlling position,
orientation, and interconnectivity of the nano- elements. Increases in worldwide
investments over the past few years have propelled nanoscience research
scientific breakthroughs to a new level. To ensure that these discoveries lead
to commercially viable products, it is important to address fundamental
scientific barriers to nanomanufacturing, in parallel with the ongoing
nanoscience research. New England International Nanomanufacturing
Workshop, 2003http://www.mancef.org/nanomanufacturing.htm
Google = about 648 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 17,300 June 23, 2004; about 46,500 May 2, 2005
nanomaterials: Nanomaterials
are materials possessing grain sizes on the order of a billionth of a meter.
They manifest extremely fascinating and useful properties, which can be
exploited for a variety of structured and non-structured applications.
Nano particles are generally described as a minute particle of a few nanometers
in size (one nanometer is one-billionth of a meter). Nanotechnology,
Canano Technologies LLC http://www.cananopowders.com/index.htm
This area combines nanotechnology and many applications of nanostructured materials. One important research area is the formation of
semiconductor "quantum dots" (i.e., several nanometer- size, faceted crystals) by injecting precursor materials conventionally used for
chemical- vapor deposition of semiconductors into a hot liquid surfactant. This "quantum dot" is in reality a macromolecule because it is coated
with a monolayer of the surfactant, preventing agglomeration. These materials photoluminesce at different frequencies (colors) depending upon
their size, allowing optical multiplexing in biological labeling.{12}
In Asia includes nanopowder,
nanoparticles, metal, biomaterials, carbon materials, etc. [Asia Pacific Nanotechnology Initiatives: Update
Asian Technology Information Program, Japan April 10, 2001] www.atip.or.jp/public/atip.reports.01/atip01.018.pdf
Materials at the nanometer scale. Google = about 20,300 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 135,000 June 23, 2004; about 551,000 May 2, 2005 Narrower
terms: nanoclusters, nanocrystals, nanoparticles, nanowires, quantum dots.
Broader term: micromaterials; Related terms: Bioengineering
& biomaterials glossary
nanomedicine:
Molecular Medicine
nanometals:
Metal particles of diameter in the range of a few nanometers or
thin films in the same thickness range, are interesting not only because of
their special mechanic properties but also because of other physical and
chemical properties, sometimes totally different from those of coarse-grained
metals. Metal based magnetic materials are of great interest for the field of
information storage. Encapsulated (for example in a carbon matrix) metals are
protected against oxidation, without loosing their magnetic properties.
Encapsulated or supported nanometals are more resistant against sintering at
elevated temperatures. Metallic thin films may find their application in
electronic industry, for example as interconnect lines or magnetic or electric
layers. Metal Based Nanomaterials, E-MRS European Materials Research Society,
Fall 2004 meeting http://www.e-mrs.org/meetings/fall2004/sympI/ Have
a wide variety of uses including energetics (rocket propulsion and
pyrotechnics), in microelectronic films and coatings, super conducting alloys
and for high strength powder metallurgical metals and alloys. Any
metal that is available as a continuous ductile wire can be converted
by our process into nano metal spheres. Nanomaterial Technologies,
Argonide http://www.argonide.com/
Google
= about 907 June 23, 2004, about 11,800 Dec 26, 2007
nanomotors: A University of Florida chemistry
professor has made a "nanomotor" from a single DNA molecule. The
motor, so small that hundreds of thousands could fit on the head of a pin, curls
up and extends like an inchworm, said Weihong Tan, the principal investigator
and lead author of an article about the motor in the April edition of the
journal Nano Letters [Daily University Science News, May 16, 2002] http://unisci.com/stories/20022/0516021.htm
Google = about 405 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 4,120 June 23, 2004, about 10,300 Dec 26, 2007
nanonewtons:
Forces 1 billion times smaller than the force required to hold an apple against
Earth’s gravity. Nanonewton forces are estimated with atomic force microscopes
and instruments that measure the properties of ultrathin coatings like those
used on computer hard drives or turbine blades. Nanotechnology: Cracking the
nanonewton force barrier NIST, US, 2003 http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/update/upd20030609.htm#Nanotechnology
Google = about 415
June 23, 2004, about 2,900 Dec 26, 2007 Narrower
term: piconewtons
nanoparticles:
The
use of commercially available nanoparticle constructs for both imaging and drug
delivery in humans is not novel. However, the current enthusiasm for
nanotech-based solutions extends far beyond simple particles to multi-modal
platforms that involve multiple active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). These
new constructs present a higher level of complexity not only in manufacturing
but also in predicting their behavior in the human including such fundamental
information as bio- distribution and biocompatibility. Thus go/ no-go decision
points are less well defined and decisions such as committing resources for
scale up of GLP product for pre-clinical testing must be made on limited data.
"The Bio-Legal Complexity of Nanoparticle Development" Dr. James L.
Tatum, Special Assistant, Cancer Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute Nanotechnology
for Targeted Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging, Aug. 22-23, 2005, Washington DC
Nanoparticles, including
nano- clusters, [nano]- layers, [nano]- tubes, and two- and three-
dimensional structures in the size range between the dimensions of molecules and 50 nm (or in a broader sense,
submicron sizes as a function of materials and targeted phenomena), are seen as tailored precursors for building up functional
nanostructures. [R&D Status and Trends in Nanoparticles, Nanostructured
Materials, and Nanodevices in the US, Proceedings of the May
8-9 , 1997 Workshop,
Jan. 1998 Richard W. Siegel, WTEC Panel Chair]
http://itri.loyola.edu/nano/US.Review/01_01.htm
Narrower term: gold nanoparticles
Related terms: nanocrystals, quantum dots,
others? Google = about 42,500 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 255,000 June 23, 2004, about 1,450,000 Dec 26, 2007 Related terms: carbon nanotubes,
nanocrystals, quantum dots Labels, signaling & detection glossary, others?
Narrower term: nanoprism
nano-PET: Molecular Imaging glossary
nanophotonics:
Nanophotonics can provide high
bandwidth, high speed and ultra-small optoelectronic components. This technology
has the potential to revolutionize telecommunications, computation and sensing.
Cornell Nanophotonics Group, College of Engineering, Cornell University, 2004 http://nanophotonics.ece.cornell.edu/
Google = about 8,440
June 23, 2004, about 108,000 Dec 26, 2007
nanophysics:
The nanoscale physics group uses various experimental techniques to examine the physical properties of objects in the nanoscale size range,
that is, a little bit larger than the size of atoms. Some interesting physical properties at this range include conductivity of small numbers of atoms
and molecules, forces arising between objects on this scale, and the transition between the quantum nature of a few atoms and a large number
of atoms. [Nanoscale Physics, Purdue Univ., 2000] http://www.physics.purdue.edu/nanophys/
Google = about 2,050 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 6,940 June 23, 2004; about 468,000 Oct 22, 2007 Related term: quantum physics
nanoplumbing:
Stretching of DNA inside nanofluidic channels with a diameter of about 100 nm is
a promising new technique for the analysis of genomic DNA. However, in order to
go beyond applications based on simple sizing, multiple nanofluidic components
have to be integrated – we call that “nanoplumbing”. Functional
Nanoplumbing for DNA analysis, R. Riehn, R. Staunton, S.F. Lim, W.W. Reisner and
R.H. Austin, 2007 http://www.nsti.org/BioNano2007/showabstract.html?absno=1002 Google = about 17 Aug. 8, 2002; about 29 June
23, 2004; about 36 May 2, 2005, about 91 Dec 26, 2007 Related terms: microfluidics, nanofluidics
nanopore:
Nanopore technology is an elegant concept. A membrane
with very small channels (a few nanometers in diameter), called nanopores,
separates two solutions. When a voltage is applied across the membrane, charged
biomolecules migrate through the pores in a controlled manner. ... As each
nucleotide passes through the nanopore, an electronic signature is produced that
can be used to characterize it. The nanopore's size is such that it permits only
a single nucleic acid strand to pass through it at any one time. Therefore the
technology can be used to sequentially measure a biopolymer's properties along
its length.
Research in the field of computational biology
will play a significant role in the development of nanopore technology. It will
be used to help optimize experimental strategies and designs, and to create the
mathematical methods needed to interpret the data generated.
The potential capabilities of nanopore technology are
very broad. Nanopore technology can distinguish between and count a variety of
different molecules in a complex mixture. For example, nanopores could
discriminate between hybridized or unhybridized unknown RNA and DNA molecules
that differ by a single nucleotide only. Compared to existing techniques,
nanopore technology is expected to provide direct characterization of individual
nucleic acid and protein molecules directly derived from biological samples,
thereby making it applicable to a wide set of analyses. Because nanopore
technology is in the very early stages of its development, its advantages are
not fully characterized. [Agilent Laboratories "Threading a needle with
DNA, June 1, 2001] http://www.labs.agilent.com/news/2001features/fea_nanopore.html
Google = about 1,820 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 5,670 June 23, 2004 Related term: Sequencing glossary:
nanopore sequencing:
nanopositioning:
The means of controlling motion on the nanometre scale - is now a
key enabling technology in high- tech fields such as semiconductor test and
measurement, photonics alignment, scanning microscopy and microlithography.
Stefan Vorndran, Nanopositioning: Fighting the Myths, Opto and Laser Europe,
Nov. 2004 http://optics.org/articles/ole/9/11/3/1
Google = about 14,400 Mar. 1, 2005
nanoprism: Scientists at Northwestern University have created a nanoparticle with a new shape that could be a useful tool in the race to detect biological threats. The nanoprism, which resembles a tiny
Dorito, exhibits unusual optical properties that could be used to improve
biodetectors, allowing them to test for a far greater number of biological warfare agents or diseases at one time.
[Northwestern Univ. Media Relations press release, Dec. 3, 2001, updated
3/21/2002, article in Science 294: 1901-1903, Nov. 30, 2001] http://www.northwestern.edu/univ-relations/media_relations/releases/dec01/nano.html
Google = about 35 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 155 June 23, 2004
nanoscale:
1 to 100 billionths of a meter. At the nanoscale, physics,
chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering converge toward the same
principles and tools. The nanoscale is not just another step toward miniaturization, but a qualitatively new scale. The new behavior is dominated by
quantum mechanics, material confinement in small structures, large interfacial
volume fraction, and other unique properties, phenomena and processes. Many
current theories of matter at the microscale have critical lengths of nanometer
dimensions. These theories will be inadequate to describe the new phenomena at
the nanoscale. ... Innovative nanoscale properties and functions will be
achieved through the control of matter at its building blocks: atom- by- atom,
molecule- by- molecule, and nanostructure- by- nanostructure. Nanotechnology will
include the integration of these nanoscale structures into larger material
components, systems, and architectures. However, within these larger scale
systems the control and construction will remain at the nanoscale.
[National Science Foundation, Societal Implications of Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology, Report of Sept 28- 29 2000 workshop, Mar. 2001] http://itri.loyola.edu/nano/societalimpact/nanosi.pdf
Google = about 151,000 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 299,000 June 23, 2004
nanoscience:
The study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at
atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale. Draft definitions, Royal Society,
Royal Academy of Engineering Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, 2003 http://www.nanotec.org.uk/draftdefinition.htm
Nanoscience is primarily the extension of existing sciences into the
realms of the extremely small (nanomaterials, nanochemistry, nanobio,
nanophysics,
etc.) while nanoengineering represents the extension of the engineering
fields into the nano- scale realm (nanofabrication, nanodevices, etc.).
[Mnemosyne Mnews 21 (3) January 2001 " The Nanotechnology Initiative
and Future Electronics" Presentation by Gail J. Brown, Air Force Research
Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Nov.16, 2000]
http://users.erinet.com/3277/Mnemosyne%20Mnews%20Jan%2001.pdf
The exponential growth of nanoscience is largely
due to the development of new instruments and related techniques that are
used to "routinely" probe and manipulate material at the atomic and molecular
level. Scanning probe microscopies, analytical electron- beam techniques,
epitaxial growth facilities, and synchrotron radiation sources are all
opening huge opportunities. [Univ. of British Columbia, Canada "The U.B.C.
Quantum Structures and Information Cluster under the Canadian Research
Chairs Initiative" Nov. 2000] http://www.physics.ubc.ca/CRC/quantum.html
Google = about 23,000 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 101,000 Jan. 12, 2004; about 133,000 June 23, 2004 Narrower terms: nanobiology, nanobiotechnology, nanochemistry,
nanoengineering, nanophysics, nanotechnology, quantum physics. Related term: nanotechnology
nanosensors: Labels,
signaling & detection glossary Google = about 22,700
June 23, 2004
nanoshells:
Procedures that target cancer cells while
leaving normal cells untouched, patients controlling the release of medicine in
their bodies with an infrared light, and medical test results produced in
seconds rather than days – these are three new medical technologies currently
being tested by nanotechnology researchers at Rice University. ... The research
focuses on nanoshells, a new type of nanoparticle invented by Naomi Halas, Rice
professor of electrical and computer engineering and chemistry. Nanoshells are
layered nanoparticles whose ability to manipulate light and color can be
designed into the nanoparticle by varying the thickness of the nanoparticle’s
layers. [Rice Univ. Media Release "New nanotechnology has medical
applications" April 12, 2001] http://www.rice.edu/projects/reno/Newsrel/2001/20010412_nanoshell.shtml Google
= about 463 Aug. 8, 2002; about 3,760 June 23, 2004
Related
terms: metal nanoshells
Many nanoshells are gold or silver. There
are also silica or carbon nanoshells, other types? Is there a hierarchy of nanocrystals,
nanoparticles, nanospheres ? Narrower term: nanoprism
nanospheres: Self-assembling nanospheres that fit inside each
other like Russian dolls are one form of a broad range of submicroscopic spheres
... The durable silica spheres, which range in size from 2 to 50 nanometers,
form in a few seconds, are small enough to be introduced into the body, and have
uniform pores that could enable controlled release of drugs. The spheres can
absorb organic and inorganic substances including small particles of iron, which
means they can be controlled by magnets and the contents released as needed.
[Sandia National Labs news release "Self- assembled spheres may be helpful
against disease or terrorism" Mar. 19, 1999] http://www.sandia.gov/media/nanos.htm Google = about 2,010 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 8,120 June 23, 2004 See also Microarrays glossary under microspheres
nanostructures:
Nanometer sized objects. MeSH 2005
Nanostructures
may be considered as small, familiar, or large, depending on the view point
of the disciplines concerned. To chemists, nanostructures are molecular
assemblies of atoms numbering from 103 to 109 and of
molecular weights of 104 to 1010 Daltons. Thus, they are
chemically large supramolecules. To molecular biologists, nanostructures have
the size of familiar objects from proteins to viruses and cellular organelles.
But to material scientists and electrical engineers, nanostructures are the
current limit of microfabrication and thus are rather small. Nanostructures are complex systems which evidently lie at the interface between solid- state
physics, supramolecular chemistry, and molecular biology (Mainzer et al. 1997)
Klaus Mainzer, Symmetry and Complexity -- Fundamental Concepts of Research in
Chemistry, HYLE International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry, Vol. 3
(1997), pp. 29-49 http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/3/mainzer.htm
Google = about 63,800 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 214,000 June 23, 2004; about 455,000 March 22, 2005 Narrower terms: dendrimers, fullerenes, nanoclusters, nanotubes, quantum dots.
nanosystems:
Google = about 14,700 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 37,100 June 23, 2004; about 117,000 May 2, 2005
nanosystems - cancer
cells: Cancer genomics glossary
nanotechnology:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology Nanotechnology
is the science and technology of precisely structuring and controlling matter on
the nanometer scale. Advancements in nanotechnology can be classified in three
categories: * Information Technology or Molecular Electronics; * Life/ Health
sciences or Nanobiotechnology; * Material Science/ Nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology, Canano Technologies LLC http://www.cananopowders.com/index.htm
Nanotechnology promises to create a new class of imaging agents
that offer distinct advantages and can be used for the early detection and
diagnosis of disease. Diagnostic molecules have the potential to act as
biomarkers in drug development and diagnostics, and can be used in the imaging
of cancer in living subjects. This meeting will address the challenges in
implementing nanotechnology for drug delivery systems and imaging agents, and
promote dialogue between diagnostic and therapeutic development. Nanotechnology
for Targeted Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging, Aug. 22-23, 2005, Washington DC
The production and application of structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale. Draft definitions, Royal
Society, Royal Academy of Engineering Nanotechnology and Nanoscience, 2003
http://www.nanotec.org.uk/draftdefinition.htm
The
development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct
structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller. MeSH 2002
The
creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter
at the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers, and the exploitation of novel properties
and phenomena at the same scale. Nanotechnology is emerging as a field critical
for enabling essential breakthroughs that may have tremendous potential for
affecting biomedicine. Moreover, nanotechnologies developed in the next several
years may well form the foundation of significant commercial platforms.
[BIOENGINEERING NANOTECHNOLOGY INITIATIVE, PA-02-125, NIH, US, July 2, 2002] http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-02-125.html
Emerging as a new field enabling the creation and
application of materials, devices, and systems at atomic and molecular
levels and the exploitation of novel properties that emerge at the nanometer
scale. Many areas of biomedicine are expected to benefit from nanotechnology
including sensors for use in the laboratory, the clinic, and within the
human body; new formulations and routes for drug delivery; and biocompatible,
high- performance materials for use in implants. Examples of
potential uses of nanotechnology in biomedicine include the early detection
and treatment of disease and the development of “smart”, rejection-
resistant
implants that will respond appropriately as the body’s needs change. [NIH,
Nanoscience and nanotechnology grant applications, January 20, 2000] http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-00-016.html
Although research in this field dates back to Richard P. Feynman's
classic talk in 1959, the term nanotechnology was first coined by K. Eric
Drexler in 1986 in the book Engines of Creation. In the popular
press, the term nanotechnology is sometimes used to refer to any sub- micron
process, including lithography. Because of this, many scientists are beginning
to use the term molecular nanotechnology when talking about true
nanotechnology at the molecular level. [ZD Webopedia] Google = about 411,000 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 1,570,000 June 23, 2004, about 12, 000,000 Dec 26, 2007 Related terms:
Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience,
Engineering and Technology IWGN, molecular manufacturing, nanoscience
Narrower terms: bionanotechnology, nanobiotechnology
nanotoxicology:
Drug safety, pharmacovigilance and toxicology
nanotubes:
Nanometer-sized tubes composed of various substances including
carbon (
CARBON NANOTUBES), boron nitride, or nickel vanadate. [MeSH 2004]
A one dimensional fullerene (a convex cage of atoms with only hexagonal and/ or pentagonal faces) with a cylindrical shape. Carbon nanotubes discovered in 1991 by Sumio Iijima resemble rolled up graphite, although they can not really be made that way. Depending on the direction that the tubes appear to have been rolled (quantified by the 'chiral vector'), they are known to act as conductors or semiconductors. Nanotubes are a proving to be useful as molecular components for nanotechnology.
[about.com] Narrower
terms: carbon nanotubes, peptide nanotubes. Many nanotubes are carbon, but
some are based on other elements. Broader
term: fullerenes Google = about
76,600 Aug. 8, 2002; about 332,000 June 23, 2004
Nanotube Site
http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nanotube.html
nanowires:
Molecular wires millions of times smaller in diameter than a human hair. Described in a paper appearing in the February 23, 2001 issue of the journal Science, these "nanowires," so called
because they have dimensions on the order of a nanometer (a billionth of a meter), have high rates of electron transfer with very low resistance. "That means less impedance to the flow of current, with little or no loss of energy," says chemist John Smalley, the lead Brookhaven researcher on the study.
[News release Brookhaven National Lab (US) "Scientists Investigate "Nanowires" With Very Low Resistance"
Feb. 22, 2001] Google = about 10,600 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 78,800 June 23, 2004
National Nanotechnology Initiative:
US federal government
agencies participating include the National Science Foundation, the Department
of Defense, the National Institute of Health, NASA, and NIST. National
Nanotechnology Initiative website http://www.nano.gov/
OEIS OptoElectronic Integrated Systems:
research is currently focused on the development of methodologies for self-assembly of micron scale objects with the objective of fabricating optoelectronic integrated systems
(OEIS) [RP25]. In an extension of our integrated microarray research, electronically addressable test chips, comprising n x n matrices of microelectrodes each bearing photolithographically defined oligonucleotides of programmed base sequence, have been developed as experimental platforms for the
self- assembly and interconnection of oligonucleotide modified optoelectronic components, e.g., LEDs and
photodetectors. In this process, DNA- modified optoelectronic components may be transported to the surface of a microelectrode using electrophoresis whereupon sequence
specific oligonucleotide interactions direct component localisation and binding.
[NMRC (Ireland) Nanotechnology Research, Scientific
Report 1999] http://www.nmrc.ie/reports/1999/scientific/scinano.html
Google = "OptoElectronic Integrated Systems"
about 28 Aug. 8, 2002; about 59 June 23, 2004
optical trapping,
optical tweezers: Cell
& tissue technologies
organic
electronics: Chemistry & biology glossary
peptide nanotubes:
NANOTUBES
formed from cyclic peptides (
PEPTIDES, CYCLIC). Alternating D and L linkages create planar rings that
self assemble by stacking into nanotubes. They can form pores through CELL
MEMBRANE causing damage. MeSH 2004
picoengineering:
Involves engineering at the level
of subatomic particles (e.g., electrons). Age of Spiritual Machines: When
Computers Exceed Human Intelligence by Ray Kurzweil, Penguin paperback http://www.penguinputnam.com/static/packages/us/kurzweil/excerpts/timeline/tlnotes.htm
Broader terms: microengineering, nanoengineering;
Narrower term: femtoengineering
picomole: Ultrasensitivity glossary
Google = about 1,870 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 6,060 June 23, 2004
piconewtons:
Trillionths of a newton. Nanotechnology: Cracking the nanonewton force
barrier NIST, US, 2003 http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/update/upd20030609.htm#Nanotechnology
Google = about 955
June 23, 2004 Related/broader?
term: nanonewtons
positional assembly:
Ralph Merkle, Molecular
Manufacturing, Adding Positional Control to Chemical Synthesis, Zyvex, 1993http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/CDAarticle.html
quantum computing: Computers & computing
quantum dots:
Nanometer sized fragments (the dots) of semiconductor crystalline
material which emits PHOTONS. The wavelength is based on the quantum confinement
size of the dot. They are brighter and more persistent than organic chemical
INDICATORS. They can be embedded in MICROBEADS for high throughput ANALYTICAL
CHEMISTRY. Do not confuse with microscopic fluorescent bar codes which are
micrometer sized. MeSH 2004
An important strategy for nonisotopic labeling of single
molecules
is the use of highly luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals,
or 'quantum dots,' that can be covalently linked to biological molecules. This
class of detectors, which range in size from 1- 5 nm, have been exploited for
biological labeling by a number of laboratories, particularly those of Shimon
Weiss, Paul Alivisatos and Shuming Nie (4,
5). Quantum dots offer several advantages over organic dyes, including
increased brightness, stability against photobleaching, a broad continuous
excitation spectrum, and a narrow, tunable, symmetric emission spectrum. Because
quantum dots are nontoxic and can be made to dissolve in water, efforts are
underway to explore their use in labeling single molecules in living cells.
[NIGMS Single Molecule Detection and Manipulation Workshop" Single
Molecule Fluorescence of Biomolecules and Complexes
Protein Folding April 17- 18, 2000] http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/reports/single_molecules.html#examples
Google = about 37,800 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 151,000 June 23, 2004
quantum nanophysics: See under quantum physics
Google = about 4 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 572, 000 June 23, 2004, about 463 Dec 26, 2007 quantum
physics:
Describes fundamental electronic and optical properties of matter
at microscopic level and wave and interference phenomena in particular . Quantum
electronics, quantum optics and optoelectronics are important areas of
application - atomic clocks, lasers, light emitting diodes, optical fibers,
tunnel diodes and superconducting systems are important and well-known examples.
The trend towards faster and more complicated microprocessors and
microelectronics has resulted in electronic components now approaching the
domains of quantum physics at research level. In about 20 years time,
miniaturization will also be halted in commercial applications. It will then
probably utilize electronic wave phenomena and single- electron effects in
semiconductor components and systems and also to create more complicated
transistor components connected in more complicated ways where quantum
phenomena, cooperative phenomena and even superconductivity may be important for
function. "QNANO" - quantum nanophysics - will probably provide a
target for research and development in semiconductor physics, molecular
electronics and bioelectronics in the foreseeable future [Applied
Quantum Physics at the School of Physics and Engineering Physics,
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, 1998] http://www.chalmers.se/researchprofile/aqp.html
Google = about 148,000 Aug. 8, 2002
rapid prototyper:
a machine that can manufacture objects directly (usually, though not
necessarily, in plastic) under the control of a computer. Centre for
Biomimetic and Natural Technology, Bath University, UK http://reprap.org/
Google = about 6,780 July 11, 2005 Related terms: self-replication, universal
constructor
self-assembly: Biomaterials
& bioengineering glossary Google = about 55,800 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 255,000 June 23, 2004
self-replication: Self replication is an effective
route to truly low cost manufacturing. Our intuitions about self replicating
systems, learned from the biological systems that surround us, are likely to
seriously mislead us about the properties and characteristics of artificial self
replicating systems designed for manufacturing purposes. Artificial systems able
to make a wide range of non- biological products (like diamond) under
programmatic control are likely to be more brittle and less adaptable in their
response to changes in their environment than biological systems. At the same
time, they should be simpler and easier to design. The complexity of such
systems need not be excessive by present engineering standards. [Ralph Merkle,
Self replication and nanotechnology, Zyvex, US, 2000 ] http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/selfRep.html
semiconductor:
Material whose conductivity, due to charges of
both signs, is normally in the range between that of metals and insulators
and in which the electric charge carrier density can be changed by external
means. [IUPAC Compendium]
Strictly speaking, a
semiconductor is a material with an electrical conductivity between that of an
insulator and that of a conductor. Semiconductors can be single elements such as
silicon or germanium or compounds such as gallium arsenide or indium phosphide.
In day to day usage, however, the term "semiconductor" more frequently
refers to the components manufactured from semiconductor materials.
STMicroelectronics glossary http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/glossary/glossary.htm
Semiconductor glossary, Jerzy
Ruzyllo, http://semiconductorglossary.com/
single beam gradient trap: See under optical
tweezers Google = about 31 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 73 June 23, 2004
Single Electron Devices SED:
Nanoscale devices that control the movement of individual electrons, may one day make it possible for
integrated circuits to have as many as 10 billion electronic devices in a square centimeter, a density 1000 times greater than that believed
feasible for conventional integrated circuits. In development since the mid-
1980s, these devices consist of two electrodes (typically 30 nm wide)
separated by a 1 nm- deep insulating layer through which single electrons can tunnel. These devices have many potential applications, from
building more sensitive measurement devices to understanding fundamental problems in physics. In the last several years, researchers have
built two- junction devices that share a middle electrode. These devices are called
"single- electron transistors," because, like conventional
transistors, their current can be controlled by modifying the surface charge on the middle electrode, making it an ideal element for an integrated
circuit. A circuit made of single- electron devices, however, would have to be operated at a temperature of 4 K or below to reduce thermal effects
which disturb the movements of single electrons in the solid. (Scientific American, June 1992.)
[American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News June 19, 1992] http://www.aip.org/enews/physnews/1992/split/pnu085-3.htm Google = about 1,810 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 4,100 June 23, 2004 Broader terms: microdevices, microelectronics, nanodevices.
single electron transistors: See under SED Single Electron Devices
smart matter: See under MEMS
Google = about 947 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 885 June 23, 2004
supramolecular
electronics:
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_electronics
Google = about 338 Dec.
15, 2005, about 1,670 Dec 26, 2007
top- down nanotechnology:
Engineers taking existing devices, such as
transistors, and making them smaller. Top- down or mechanical nanotechnology
will have the greatest impact on our everyday lives in the near future. [Noah
Robischon "Nanotechnology and the battle to build smaller" Discovery
Channel 1998] Google = about 48 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 109 June 23, 2004
Related term: soft lithography Compare bottom- up nanotechnology
transducers: Labels, signaling & detection glossary
universal constructor:
A
machine that can replicate itself and - in addition - make other
industrial products. Centre for Biomimetic and Natural Technology, Bath
University, UK http://reprap.org/
Google = about 1,650
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Constructor
Related term: rapid prototyper
uTAS: See microTAS
yoctomole, zeptomole: Ultrasensitivity
glossary Google = yoctomole about
36 Aug. 8, 2002; about 73 June 23, 2004, about 795 Dec 26, 2007 Google = zeptomole about
254 Aug. 8, 2002; about 561 June 23, 2004, about 6,550 Dec 26, 2007
Bibliography
Drexler, K. Eric, Glossary, Nanosystems, Foresight Institute http://www.foresight.org/Nanosystems/glossary/glossary_a.html
IBM Research: Nanotechnology: http://www.research.ibm.com/pics/nanotech/
Nanotechnology
Glossary, Nanotechnology Now, 2004 http://www.nanotech-now.com/nanotechnology-glossary.htm
smalltimes glossary, 2002, 30 + definitions. http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=3631
STMicroelectronics
glossary http://www.st.com/stonline/press/news/glossary/glossary.htm
Alpha
glossary index
How
to look for other unfamiliar terms
IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
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