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You are here > Biopharmaceutical Glossaries & Taxonomies Homepage/Search > Technologies > Proteins & Proteomics > Protein Technologies Protein
Technologies glossary & taxonomy
Drug discovery & development term index Informatics term index Technologies term index Biology term index Chemistry term index Finding guide to terms in these glossaries Site Map Related glossaries include Bioprocessing & manufacturing Labels Signaling & Detection Mass Spectrometry NMR & x-ray crystallography Proteomics 2D gel electrophoresis: A key technology for proteomics. Chromatography & electrophoresis glossary antibody arrays: Microarrays & protein chips categories for studying regulation at the protein level antibody display: de Kruif J,, Boel E, Logtenberg T. Selection and application of human single chain Fv antibody fragments from a semi-synthetic phage antibody display library with designed CDR3 regions. J Mol Biol. 1995 Apr 21;248 (1): 97-105, April 1995 . Google = about 17,200 Nov 13, 2006, about 34,800 Feb 14, 2011 antibody microarrays:
While transcriptional profiling provides
invaluable insight into biological function on a genome- wide scale, it
doesn't offer information on regulation that occurs at the protein level
(e.g., degradation, phosphorylation/ dephosphorylation, sub- cellular localization,
etc.). We are investigating the possibility of using microarrays of antibodies
to study regulation at the protein level. Harvard Center for Genomic Research,
MacBeath Lab] http://www.cgr.harvard.edu/macbeath/index.html aptamers: Technologies overview bacteriophage: Many phage have proved useful in the study of molecular biology and as vectors for the transfer of genetic information between cells … lambda bacteriophage can also undergo a lytic cycle or can enter a lysogenic cycle, in which the page DNA is incorporated into that of the host, awaiting a signal that initiates events leading to replication of the virus and lysis of the host cell. Glick The workhorse of phage display is the M13 bacteriophage virus. Related terms: phage, phage display bacteriophage, biopanning, phage; Labels, signaling & detection Proteomics directed protein evolution bait: The basic format of the yeast-two hybrid system involves the creation of two hybrid molecules, one in which the "bait" protein is fused with a transcription factor, and one in which the "prey" protein is fused with a related transcription factor. If the bait and prey proteins indeed interact then the two factors fused to these two proteins are also brought into proximity with each other. As a result a specific signal is produced, indicating an interaction has taken place. Biomarker Breakthroughs: Protein Technologies http://www.biomarkerbreakthroughs.com/category/93/protein-technologies/ biopanning: Encompasses aspects of both ‘encoded one bead, one compound’ and the reductive approaches employed in chemistry. Biopanning is generally applied to display libraries, such as phage, bacterial, ribosome , RNA or on-bead display libraries, in which proteins are physically linked to their encoding sequence. This enables large libraries to be expressed and screened en masse for their ligand- binding properties. The library is screened by several rounds of biopanning, whereby the complexes are incubated with the desired target molecule, which is typically immobilized on a solid support. Subsequent washing removes the weakly binding proteins while retaining the desired proteins, which are then eluted for the next round of biopanning. Successively smaller numbers of displayed proteins are screened until ‘active’ proteins are isolated. The identity of the active protein borne on the display vehicle is established by sequencing the linked encoding sequence (DNA or RNA) of the carrier vehicle (phage, bacteria, ribosome or bead). Marcus D. Hughes, Zhan-Ren Zhang, Andrew J. Sutherland, Albert F. Santos and Anna V. Hine, Discovery of active proteins directly from combinatorial randomized protein libraries without display, purification or sequencing: identification of novel zinc finger proteins, Nucleic Acids Research 2005 33(3) http://nar.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/33/3/e32 Also referred to as panning. carbohydrate chips: University scientists have described the first chip- based chemical strategy for rapidly screening carbohydrates for biologically useful activity. [Chemical method makes further investigation of carbohydrates possible, Univ. of Chicago Chronicle, 21 (3) April 11, 2002] http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/020411/biochip.shtml Google = about 28 July 10, 2002; about 86 Sept. 16, 2003; about 107 July 22, 2004 [but some of these at Atkins related "low carb chips"] carbohydrate microarrays: Stu Borman, Chemical and Engineering News, Dec. 16, 2002 lists as highlights of 2002 http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8050/8050chemhighlights5.html with references to the literature on polysaccharide and glycoconjugate microarrays, monosaccharide chips, natural and synthetic oligosaccharide arrays, and synthetic oligosaccharides in microtiter plate format. Google = about 176 July 23, 2004 cDNA phage display: Display cloning: functional identification of natural product receptors using cDNA-phage display. Sche PP, McKenzie KM, White JD, Austin DJ. Chem Biol. 1999 Oct;6(10):707- 716 Google = about 537 Nov 13, 2006 co-immunoprecipitation Used to determine protein- protein interactions. An antibody is used to precipitate a protein along with bound proteins. John Yates, “Mass spectrometry and the Age of the Proteome” Journal Mass Spectrometry 33: 16, 1998 combinatorial biology: Involves genetic manipulation of bacteria and fungi that produce complex natural products. This technology includes construction of large libraries of recombinant microbes capable of generating novel organic molecules and engineering secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways to modify valuable biologically active microbial metabolites. [ASB [Am Soc. Biomechanics] Newsletter, June 1998] http://asb-biomech.org/newsletter/V11N1/guest.html Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_biology Related term: phage display co-precipitation: Method to identify interacting proteins by using antibodies to bind to the protein if immunoprecipitated under non- denaturing using conditions … (allow any other proteins bound to the protein known to be involved in a process) to precipitate rather than be washed away. depletion: Method of sample preparation which removes high abundance proteins (not of interest) from the sample. Related term: low- abundance proteins. directed protein evolution: Proteomics Related term: phage display DNA shuffling: Genomic technologies Can be used to evolve proteins. domain shuffling: Protein structure Google = about 862 Aug. 20, 2003; about 2,030 Nov. 29, 2004; about 25,400 Nov 13, 2006 fluorescent
proteins: Using fluorescence is turning into one of the premier technologies
for drug discovery. To tap the full potential of these new and exciting
opportunities, many challenges still need to be addressed: How to increase the
stability of cell lines expressing fluorescent proteins; how to increase drug
screening by using better disease models utilizing FP’s in whole organisms;
how to develop better tools to enhance the high-throughput applications; and how
to improve effectiveness while lowering costs. Related terms: Labels
Signaling & Detection Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching FRAP, Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET: Labels Signaling & Detection gene shuffling: Genomic technologies Can be used to evolve proteins.
glycoarrays:
Carbohydrates interact with proteins in many
biological processes such as fertilization, virus infections and even tumor
growth. Therefore, structural and functional aspects concerning the interplay of
the glycome (the complete set of carbohydrate structures produced by a
particular cell or tissue) and the proteome (set of proteins) are of great
interest in biology and medicine. The aim of the present project is to develop
carbohydrate arrays (glycoarrays) as innovative tools to map out the
carbohydrate and protein partners in these highly specific interactions of the
glycome. The project brings together a diverse set of novel technologies: from
the generation of carbohydrate libraries (from natural sources, by chemical and
enzymatic synthesis) and finding ways of linking the saccharides to a surface,
to high throughput expression of carbohydrate binding proteins and the analysis
of carbohydrate-protein binding by mass spectrometry, surface plasmon resonance
and fluoresence measurements. UK Glycoarrays
Consortium, 2009 http://www.glycoarrays.org.uk/
glycoprotein
microarrays: We employ carbohydrate and glycoprotein microarrays to
analyze glycan- dependent gp120- protein interactions. In concert with new
linking chemistries and synthetic methods, the carbohydrate arrays combine the
advantages of microarray technology with the flexibility and precision afforded
by organic synthesis. With these microarrays, we individually and competitively
determined the binding profiles of five gp120 binding proteins, established the
carbohydrate structural requirements for these interactions, and identified a
potential strategy for HIV vaccine development. EW Adams et. al., Oligosaccharide
and glycoprotein microarrays as tools in HIV glycobiology; glycan- dependent
gp120/ protein interactions, Chem Biol. 11(6): 875- 881, June 2004 Google = about 14,
July 23, 2004 Related terms:
oligosaccharide chips; Glycosciences glossary
intrabodies: Recent advances in antibody engineering have now allowed the genes encoding antibodies to be manipulated so that the antigen binding domain can be expressed intracellularly. The specific and high- affinity binding properties of antibodies, combined with their ability to be stably expressed in precise intracellular locations inside mammalian cells, has provided a powerful new family of molecules for gene therapy applications. These intracellular antibodies are termed 'intrabodies'. [Wayne A. Marasco, "Intrabodies: turning the humoral immune system outside in for intracellular immunization" Gene Therapy 4 (1): 11- 15, Jan. 1997] Isotope Coded Infinity Tag ICAT: These tags provide the ability to both identify and quantify a broad range of proteins in a high- throughput mode. Using ICAT reagents, researchers can compare the expression levels of proteins from two samples, such as from normal and diseased cells. ICAT reagents comprise a protein reactive group, an affinity tag (biotin), and an isotopically labeled linker. Related term: protein profiling lambda
phage: See under bacteriophage molecular motors:
Protein based machines that are involved in
or cause movement such as the rotary devices (flagellar motor and the F1
ATPase) or the devices whose movement is directed along cytoskeletal filaments
(myosin, kinesin and dynein motor families). MeSH, 1999 Google = about 8,110 Aug. 8, 2002;
about 25,400 June 23, 2004, 143,000 Dec 26, 2007 networks & pathways technologies: In the human body, all biological components—from individual genes to entire organs—work together to promote normal development and sustain health. This amazing feat of biological teamwork is made possible by an array of intricate and interconnected pathways that facilitate communication among genes, molecules, and cells. Limitations of proteomics technologies often force investigators to treat dynamic systems as either static or as binary options between static states. As with early photography, current approaches to proteomics involve long exposures that capture broadly defined "images" such as "normal vs. diseased", "the yeast interactome", or "the nuclear pore complex." We are largely blind to the dynamics of systems we know are not static but which must be treated as such for the time being because of inadequate tools. Transient interactions, rapid changes in protein activity or location, and post-translational modifications control critical regulatory steps in biology, yet they are like a bird flying through the frame of a carefully composed long exposure: invisible. New strategies complementary to conventional proteomics are necessary to help us determine the rapid, dynamic changes that control physiology. The National Technology Centers for Networks and Pathways (TCNPs) create technologies to measure the dynamics of protein interactions, modifications, translocation, expression, and activity, and to do so with temporal, spatial, and quantitative resolution. The program is intended to bridge the quantitation and interaction aspects of proteomics, breaking out of the artificially static view of complex systems (Sheeley, Breen, and Old, J. Proteome Research (2005) 4,1114). The TCNP program was envisioned specifically to complement conventional proteomics programs at NIH, integrating proteomics with cell biology and biophysics, with an enhanced emphasis on novel approaches not substantially supported in other programs. National Technology Centers for Networks and Pathways, NIH Common Fund http://commonfund.nih.gov/buildingblocks/technologycenters/overview.aspx oligosaccharide arrays: See glycochips, oligosaccharide microarrays Google = about 15 Sept. 16, 2003; about 27 July 23, 2004 oligosaccharide microarrays: Studies on glycans are indispensable to define complex life systems and cell communities because all living organisms consist of diverse cells, which are covered with an abundance of heterogeneous carbohydrates. Although studies on glycans are extremely difficult because of the lack of basic technologies common to DNAs and proteins, a few new aspects of glycotechnologies have now become realized in the form of 'bio- chips', which include 'oligosaccharide arrays' or 'glyco- chips'. Recently, Fukui et al. developed oligosaccharide microarrays for glycomic analysis of extensive carbohydrate- binding proteins. How and why such glyco- engineering projects have been made in the contexts of both pure and applied sciences is described. J. Hirabayashi, Oligosaccharide microarrays for glycomics, Trends in Biotechnology 21 (4): 141-143, Apr. 2003 Google = about 40 Sept. 16, 2003; about 68 July 23, 2004 Related terms: glycochip, glycoprotein arrays peptide aptamers: Engineered protein molecules selected from combinatorial libraries, [used] to dissect the function of specific genes and alleles, and to trace genetic pathways. Roger Brent "Peptide aptamers" Molecular Sciences Institute, 1999 Broader term: aptamers peptide arrays: Steve Fodor and colleagues at Affymax published several articles on these in the early 1990s. Google = about 322 July 10, 2002; about 876 Sept. 16, 2003 Related terms protein arrays, protein chips, protein microarrays Peptide Mass Fingerprinting PMF: A means of protein identification, using mass spectrometry peptide sequencing: How is this different from protein sequencing (except that peptides are shorter than proteins)? phage: A virus for which the natural host is a bacterial cell. DOE Used as a vector for cloning segments of DNA. Schlindwein Related terms: bacteriophage, phage display.
prefractionation: Sample preparation method, capable of being automated. protein amplification: Potentially, the most revolutionary new technologies are those that impart the equivalent of PCR amplification on proteins. Two of these technologies, discussed in this report, are phage display and Profusion technology. In particular, Profusion has the capability of taking any pool of mRNA, translating it into protein/ mRNA fusion products, and following up any kind of selection protocol on the protein with further amplification. The company that is commercializing this technology, Phylos, is seeking to combine the method with other powerful screening techniques such as microarrays. protein arrays: Protein arrays are poised to become a central proteomics technology allowing for the global observation of biochemical activities on an unprecedented scale. Hundreds or thousands of proteins can be simultaneously screened for protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, and small molecule interactions. The value of multiplexed protein measurement is being established in applications including: comprehensive proteomic surveys, studies of protein networks and pathways, validation of genomic discoveries, and clinical biomarker development. This technology holds great potential for basic molecular biology research, serum profiling, protein abundance determination, disease biomarker identification, immune and toxicological response profiling, and pharmaceutical target screening. Google = about 1,720 July 10, 2002; about 6,350 Sept. 16, 2003; about 10,800 Aug. 6, 2004, about 137,000 Oct. 5, 2005; about 176,000 Nov 10, 2006 Google = about 2,050 Sept. 18, 2002; about 10,200 July 14, 2004; about 194,000 June 11, 2007 Related terms: antibody arrays, protein chips, protein microarrays Narrower terms: high- density protein arrays, protein- protein interaction chips, proteome chip protein capture
reagents:
The Common Fund’s Protein Capture Reagents
program is developing new resources and tools to understand the critical role
the multitude of cellular proteins play in normal development and health as well
as in disease. These resources will support a wide-range of research and
clinical applications that will enable the isolation and tracking of proteins of
interest and permit their use as diagnostic biomarkers of disease onset and
progression. NIH Common Fund http://commonfund.nih.gov/proteincapture/ protein chips: The protein chip is not going to replace certain discovery methods (such as 2D gel electrophoresis), which are very good at identifying novel proteins in a complex mixture. Perhaps the greatest limitation of methods based on electrophoresis is that they are relatively expensive to perform in terms of the cost per data point, and can be quite laborious. The trend, however, may continue toward reduced costs and ease of use. Another limitation of conventional proteomic methods is that they may not be versatile enough to rapidly gather biological information - changes in protein expression, protein- protein interactions, response to various conditions. Ciphergen trademarked ProteinChip™ which is now owned by BioRad. Some chips can operate with both nucleic acids and proteins. Analogous to DNA chips, these are used for studying protein expression or protein- protein interactions. Google = about 56,400 Oct. 5, 2005; about 92,400 Aug 29, 2007 Related terms: antibody arrays, carbohydrate chips, carbohydrate arrays, protein arrays, protein microarrays; Narrower terms: high- density protein microarrays, protein-protein interaction chips, proteome chip protein detection: New fluorescent stains (such as Sypro) have improved both the dynamic range of protein detection and protein quantification in 2D gels. "Current State of Proteomic Technology" CHI's Genome Link 3.1, 2001 http://www.chidb.com/newsarticles/issue3_1.ASP protein engineering: A technique used to produce proteins with altered or novel amino acid sequences. The methods used are: 1. Transcription and translation systems from synthesized lengths of DNA or RNA with novel sequences. 2. Chemical modification of 'normal' proteins. 3. Solid- state polypeptide synthesis to form proteins. IUPAC Compendium PEGS: the essential protein engineering summit April
30 - May 4, 2012 • Boston, MA Program | Register | Download Brochure Procedures by which protein structure and function are changed or created in vitro by altering existing or synthesizing new structural genes that direct the synthesis of proteins with sought-after properties. Such procedures may include the design of MOLECULAR MODELS of proteins using COMPUTER GRAPHICS or other molecular modeling techniques; site-specific mutagenesis (MUTAGENESIS, SITE-SPECIFIC) of existing genes; and DIRECTED MOLECULAR EVOLUTION techniques to create new genes. MeSH 2003 Procedures by which nonrandom single- site changes are introduced into structural
genes (site- specific mutagenesis) in order to produce mutant genes which can be coupled to promoters that direct the synthesis of a specifically altered protein, which is then analyzed for structural and functional properties and then compared with the predicted and
sought- after properties. The design of the protein may be assisted by computer graphic technology and other advanced
molecular modeling techniques.
MeSH, 1989 Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering protein expression arrays: Expression glossary protein expression profiling: Expression genes & proteins protein inhibition: An alternative approach to [gene expression] downregulation, but in this case, the protein, not the gene, is the target. As with downregulation of gene expression, protein inhibition is a powerful target validation tool. The major approach to protein inhibition is based on phage libraries, which are used to select antibodies against targets of interest. protein knockouts: Our proteomics efforts are focused largely on developing new techniques to probe protein- protein interactions and to construct devices that allow one to monitor the levels and post- translational modification states of hundreds or even thousands of proteins simultaneously. A third major goal is to develop “protein knockout” methods that would allow researchers to rapidly develop reagents to block one or more functions of a newly discovered protein to facilitate studies of its role in cellular metabolism. [Thomas J. Kodadek, Internal Medicine and Molecular Biology, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Graduate Biomedical School, 2001] http://www2.utsouthwestern.edu/gradschool/webrib/kodadek.htm
protein localization: There is an ever- increasing number of genes that have been sequenced but are of completely unknown function. The ability to determine the location of such gene products within the cell, either by the use of antibodies or by the production of chimeras with green fluorescent protein, is a vital step towards understanding what they do. This is one major reason why fluorescence microscopy is enjoying a revival. Protein Localization by Fluorescence Microscopy: A Practical Approach Edited by VICTORIA J. ALLAN, Oxford University Press, 2000 http://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/0199637415.html Protein expression analysis can indicate what proteins are expressed, but it is also important to know where proteins are expressed, and where they go over time (as with secreted proteins). Accordingly, there is an increasing shift away from general protein expression analysis and toward mapping proteins’ distribution, relative abundance, tissue specificity, and movement. By tracking these parameters (in healthy versus diseased tissue and in control versus treated tissue), researchers can gain a greater understanding of these proteins’ functions and determine which are likely to be the best drug targets. Protein localization studies can be classified as being done at a tissue or subcellular level. "Protein Localization Studies provide key insights into protein function" CHI's GenomeLink 15.2 http://www.chidb.com/newsarticles/issue15_2.asp Narrower terms: subcellular localization, tissue specific localization; Related terms Cell biology: subcellular fractionation; Gene definitions: gene localization; Omes & omics localizome protein microarrays:
These arrays can consist of proteins themselves
(e.g., for studies of protein/ protein interactions or protein/ small- molecule
binding) or of probes for capturing proteins (so that protein levels in a sample
can be gauged). [CHI Microarrays
report] Related
terms: antinbody microarrays, protein arrays, protein chips; Narrower terms: electrospray-
fabricated protein microarrays, functional protein microarrays, protein- protein
interaction chips, proteome chip Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_microarray
Google = about 1,410 Sept. 18, 2002;
about 4,380 Aug. 18, 2003' about 11,000 July 14, 2004; about 198,000 Nov 10,
2006
protein microarrays: In conjunction with
high throughput expression
and purification of recombinant proteins, we can prepare microarrays of
functionally active proteins on glass slides. These arrays can then be
used to identify protein- protein interactions, to identify the substrates
of protein kinases, or to identify the targets of biologically active small
molecules. [Harvard Center for Genomic Research, MacBeath Lab, Overview] http://www.cgr.harvard.edu/macbeath/index.html
Haab BB, Dunham MJ, Brown PO. Protein microarrays for highly parallel detection and quantitation of specific proteins and antibodies in complex solutions. Genome Biol. 2001 Jan 22; 2(2): RESEARCH 0004.1-0004.13.
Protein
microarrays will permit researchers to scan thousands of proteins in a variety
of proteomic experiments, including differential expression, response to drugs,
protein- protein interactions and identification of disease biomarkers. So far,
they have proven to be very quantitative and, by virtue of their addressable
arrays, much easier to compare results between experiments than 2D gels.
Commercialization of protein arrays also promises rapid development toward real
applications in clinical and point- of- care diagnostics, which would be
impossible with more complex proteomic technologies that require electrophoresis
or chromatography. One disadvantage of the microarray approach is that generally
it is a "closed" system - you can only measure proteins for which you
have a capturing agent (such as an antibody). Google = about 530 July 10, 2002;
about 8,080 Sept. 16, 2003; about 34,800 Feb. 28, 2005 Related
terms: antibody microarrays, protein arrays, protein chips, protein profiling
chips; Narrower terms: electrospray-
fabricated protein microarrays, functional protein microarrays, protein-protein
interaction chips, proteome chip
protein profiling: Expression glossary Google = about 1,290 Sept. 18, 2002; about 2,820 Aug. 18, 2003, about 6,700 July 14, 2004; about 192,000 Nov 10, 2006 protein-protein interaction chips: To extend such [gene expression] genetic analyses to the more relevant level of functional protein expression. [National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Disease, NIAID, NIH, US, SBIR Advanced Technology - (SBIR- AT- NIAID) July 26, 2000 PA NUMBER: PAR- 00- 126] http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-00-126.htm
protein purification: John Wagner's Logic of Molecular Approaches to Biological Problems (Cornell Univ. Graduate School of Medical Science, US ) has a section on the value of protein purification. http://www-users.med.cornell.edu/~jawagne/proteins_%26_purification.html protein shuffling: We also constructed a computational method to determine the locations of crossovers that lead to functional hybrid proteins during in vitro recombination. Borrowing a concept from the schema theory of genetic algorithms, our approach assumes that crossovers resulting in functional proteins are those that least disrupt structural integrity. ... This method can be used to predict sites for protein shuffling and to screen sequence databases to determine optimal sets of starting sequences for in vitro evolution by recombination. Stephen L. Mayo, Computational Protein Design, Cal Tech, Howard Hughes Medical Institute http://www.hhmi.org/research/investigators/mayo.html Google = about 16 Sept. 8, 2003; about 30 Nov. 29, 2004; about 115 Nov. 10, 2006 proteolysis: Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysis Research and diagnostic applications proteolytic processing: Related terms proteolysis
Broader term post- translational modification
proteome arrays: Full-length cDNAs and ORF clones
are prerequisite for the construction of whole proteome arrays, for high
throughput protein structural studies and for the rapid creation of protein
fusion (GFP, TAP-tagged, etc.) for all proteins [Joseph R. Ecker Plant
Genome Research Program Grant: DBI9975718/0196098 "Global Expression
Studies of the Arabidopsis Genome", The Salk Institute for Biological
Studies http://signal.salk.edu/SSP.pdf. Google = about 25 July 10, 2002;
about 86 Sept. 16, 2003 Broader
term: protein array proteome chips:
To facilitate studies of the yeast proteome, we cloned 5800 open reading frames
and overexpressed and purified their corresponding proteins. The proteins were
printed onto slides at high spatial density to form a yeast proteome microarray
and screened for their ability to interact with proteins and phospholipids. Global
analysis of protein activities using proteome chips. Zhu H, Bilgin M,
Bangham R, Hall D, Casamayor A, Bertone P, Lan N, Jansen R, Bidlingmaier S,
Houfek T, Mitchell T, Miller P, Dean RA, Gerstein M, Snyder M., Science 293
(5537): 2101- 2105., Sept. 14, 2001 Epub 2001 Jul 26 Google = about 172 July 10, 2002;
about 150 Sept. 16, 2003; about 555 Feb. 28,2005 proteome microarrays: Broader terms:
protein arrays, protein chips, protein microarrays; Narrower term: whole
proteome microarrays
proteomics technologies: Major types include protein separation, ultrafiltration, 1D and 2D gel electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, protein informatics, protein arrays, protein quantification, protein localization, and protein- protein interactions. The application of proteomics technologies to clinical research and public health in general is an immediate goal of proteomics. A distantly related goal is the eventual application of proteomics to environmental, agricultural and veterinary research, research areas that are far less developed than clinical applications. Defining the Mandate of Proteomics in the Post- Genomics Era, Board on International Scientific Organizations, National Academy of Sciences, 2002 http://www.nap.edu/books/NI000479/html/R1.html For a field so laden with razzmatazz methods, it is striking that the number one need in proteomics may be new technology. There are simply not enough assays that are sufficiently streamlined to allow the automation necessary to perform them on a genome's worth of proteins. Those currently available barely scratch the surface of the thousands of specialized analyses biologists use every day on their favorite proteins. What we need are experimental strategies that could be termed cell biological genomics, biophysical genomics, physiological genomics, and so on, to provide clues to function. In addition, a protein contains so many types of information that each of its properties needs to be assayed on a proteome- wide scale, ideally in a quantitative manner. Stanley Fields "Proteomics in Genomeland" Science 291: 1221-1224 Feb. 16, 2001 proteomimetics - small molecule recombinant proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology. MeSH, 1986 Related term: genetic recombination reverse chemical proteomics: Chemistry self-assembling biomolecular materials: Examples of self- assembly include protein folding, the formation of liposomes, and the alignment of liquid crystals. While this type of equilibrium self- assembly is the central focus of this report, it is important to emphasize that much biological assembly is also driven by energy sources such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which power biomotors Biomolecular self- assembling materials, National Academy of Sciences 1996 http://www.nas.edu/bpa/reports/bmm/bmm.html#PBMM Broader term: self-assembly structural biology: A
healthy mind and body require the coordinated action of billions of tiny
molecular workers called proteins. Our genes contain the DNA scripts for
manufacturing these proteins. Some proteins build our cells and other proteins
work to allow us to think, smell, eat and breathe. Proteins are indispensable
molecules in our bodies, and each has a unique three-dimensional shape that is
well suited for its particular job. And if the shape of even one protein happens
to go awry, there can be major consequences for human health. Misshapen
proteins, especially those that make up part of the cell surface or cell
membranes, are the culprits behind many diseases, including cystic fibrosis,
Alzheimer's disease and countless others.The Structural Biology Roadmap is a
strategic effort to create a "picture" gallery of the molecular shapes
of proteins in the body. This research investment will involve the development
of rapid, efficient, and dependable methods to produce protein samples that
scientists can use to determine the three-dimensional structure, or shape, of a
protein. The new effort will catalyze what is currently a hit-or-miss process
into a organized, coordinated, systematic and streamlined routine, helping
researchers clarify the role of protein shape in health and disease. Structural
biology, NIH Common Fund http://commonfund.nih.gov/structuralbiology/overview.aspx whole proteome microarrays: Google = about 2 Aug. 9, 2002; about 5 Sept. 16, 2003, about 6,980 March 3 2011 Related term: proteome chip yeast display: See Biologics: antibody libraries Bibliography IUPAC definitions are reprinted with the permission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. |
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